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	/* app.c - Application selection.
	* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
	*
	* This file is part of GnuPG.
	*
	* GnuPG is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
	* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
	* the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
	* (at your option) any later version.
	*
	* GnuPG is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
	* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
	* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
	* GNU General Public License for more details.
	*
	* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
	* along with this program; if not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	*/

	#include <config.h>
	#include <errno.h>
	#include <stdio.h>
	#include <stdlib.h>
	#include <string.h>
	#include <npth.h>

	#include "scdaemon.h"
	#include "../common/exechelp.h"
	#include "app-common.h"
	#include "iso7816.h"
	#include "apdu.h"
	#include "../common/tlv.h"

	static npth_mutex_t app_list_lock;
	static app_t app_top;


	/* The list of application names and there select function. Of no
	* specfic application is selected the first available application on
	* a card is selected. */
	struct app_priority_list_s
	{
	char const *name;
	gpg_error_t (*select_func)(app_t);
	};

	static struct app_priority_list_s app_priority_list[] =
	{{ "openpgp", app_select_openpgp },
	{ "piv", app_select_piv },
	{ "nks", app_select_nks },
	{ "p15", app_select_p15 },
	{ "geldkarte", app_select_geldkarte },
	{ "dinsig", app_select_dinsig },
	{ "sc-hsm", app_select_sc_hsm },
	{ NULL, NULL }
	};





	/* Initialization function to change the default app_priority_list.
	* LIST is a list of comma or space separated strings with application
	* names. Unknown names will only result in warning message.
	* Application not mentioned in LIST are used in their original order
	* after the given once. */
	void
	app_update_priority_list (const char *arg)
	{
	struct app_priority_list_s save;
	char **names;
	int i, j, idx;

	names = strtokenize (arg, ", ");
	if (!names)
	log_fatal ("strtokenize failed: %s\n",
	gpg_strerror (gpg_error_from_syserror ()));

	idx = 0;
	for (i=0; names[i]; i++)
	{
	ascii_strlwr (names[i]);
	for (j=0; j < i; j++)
	if (!strcmp (names[j], names[i]))
	break;
	if (j < i)
	{
	log_info ("warning: duplicate application '%s' in priority list\n",
	names[i]);
	continue;
	}

	for (j=idx; app_priority_list[j].name; j++)
	if (!strcmp (names[i], app_priority_list[j].name))
	break;
	if (!app_priority_list[j].name)
	{
	log_info ("warning: unknown application '%s' in priority list\n",
	names[i]);
	continue;
	}
	save = app_priority_list[idx];
	app_priority_list[idx] = app_priority_list[j];
	app_priority_list[j] = save;
	idx++;
	}
	log_assert (idx < DIM (app_priority_list));

	xfree (names);
	for (i=0; app_priority_list[i].name; i++)
	log_info ("app priority %d: %s\n", i, app_priority_list[i].name);
	}


	static void
	print_progress_line (void opaque, const char what, int pc, int cur, int tot)
	{
	ctrl_t ctrl = opaque;
	char line[100];

	if (ctrl)
	{
	snprintf (line, sizeof line, "%s %c %d %d", what, pc, cur, tot);
	send_status_direct (ctrl, "PROGRESS", line);
	}
	}


	/* Lock the reader SLOT. This function shall be used right before
	calling any of the actual application functions to serialize access
	to the reader. We do this always even if the reader is not
	actually used. This allows an actual connection to assume that it
	never shares a reader (while performing one command). Returns 0 on
	success; only then the unlock_reader function must be called after
	returning from the handler. */
	static gpg_error_t
	lock_app (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl)
	{
	if (npth_mutex_lock (&app->lock))
	{
	gpg_error_t err = gpg_error_from_syserror ();
	log_error ("failed to acquire APP lock for %p: %s\n",
	app, gpg_strerror (err));
	return err;
	}

	apdu_set_progress_cb (app->slot, print_progress_line, ctrl);
	apdu_set_prompt_cb (app->slot, popup_prompt, ctrl);

	return 0;
	}

	/* Release a lock on the reader. See lock_reader(). */
	static void
	unlock_app (app_t app)
	{
	apdu_set_progress_cb (app->slot, NULL, NULL);
	apdu_set_prompt_cb (app->slot, NULL, NULL);

	if (npth_mutex_unlock (&app->lock))
	{
	gpg_error_t err = gpg_error_from_syserror ();
	log_error ("failed to release APP lock for %p: %s\n",
	app, gpg_strerror (err));
	}
	}


	/* This function may be called to print information pertaining to the
	current state of this module to the log. */
	void
	app_dump_state (void)
	{
	app_t a;

	npth_mutex_lock (&app_list_lock);
	for (a = app_top; a; a = a->next)
	log_info ("app_dump_state: app=%p type='%s'\n", a, a->apptype);
	npth_mutex_unlock (&app_list_lock);
	}

	/* Check whether the application NAME is allowed. This does not mean
	we have support for it though. */
	static int
	is_app_allowed (const char *name)
	{
	strlist_t l;

	for (l=opt.disabled_applications; l; l = l->next)
	if (!strcmp (l->d, name))
	return 0; /* no */
	return 1; /* yes */
	}


	static gpg_error_t
	check_conflict (app_t app, const char *name)
	{
	if (!app \|\| !name \|\| (app->apptype && !ascii_strcasecmp (app->apptype, name)))
	return 0;

	if (app->apptype && !strcmp (app->apptype, "UNDEFINED"))
	return 0;

	log_info ("application '%s' in use - can't switch\n",
	app->apptype? app->apptype : "<null>");

	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CONFLICT);
	}

	/* This function is used by the serialno command to check for an
	application conflict which may appear if the serialno command is
	used to request a specific application and the connection has
	already done a select_application. */
	gpg_error_t
	check_application_conflict (const char *name, app_t app)
	{
	return check_conflict (app, name);
	}


	gpg_error_t
	app_reset (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl, int send_reset)
	{
	gpg_error_t err = 0;

	if (send_reset)
	{
	int sw;

	lock_app (app, ctrl);
	sw = apdu_reset (app->slot);
	if (sw)
	err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CARD_RESET);

	app->reset_requested = 1;
	unlock_app (app);

	scd_kick_the_loop ();
	gnupg_sleep (1);
	}
	else
	{
	ctrl->app_ctx = NULL;
	release_application (app, 0);
	}

	return err;
	}

	static gpg_error_t
	app_new_register (int slot, ctrl_t ctrl, const char *name,
	int periodical_check_needed)
	{
	gpg_error_t err = 0;
	app_t app = NULL;
	unsigned char *result = NULL;
	size_t resultlen;
	int want_undefined;
	int i;

	/* Need to allocate a new one. */
	app = xtrycalloc (1, sizeof *app);
	if (!app)
	{
	err = gpg_error_from_syserror ();
	log_info ("error allocating context: %s\n", gpg_strerror (err));
	return err;
	}

	app->slot = slot;
	app->card_status = (unsigned int)-1;

	if (npth_mutex_init (&app->lock, NULL))
	{
	err = gpg_error_from_syserror ();
	log_error ("error initializing mutex: %s\n", gpg_strerror (err));
	xfree (app);
	return err;
	}

	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	{
	xfree (app);
	return err;
	}

	want_undefined = (name && !strcmp (name, "undefined"));

	/* Try to read the GDO file first to get a default serial number.
	We skip this if the undefined application has been requested. */
	if (!want_undefined)
	{
	err = iso7816_select_file (slot, 0x3F00, 1);
	if (gpg_err_code (err) == GPG_ERR_CARD)
	{
	/* Might be SW==0x7D00. Let's test whether it is a Yubikey
	* by selecting its manager application and then reading the
	* config. */
	static char const yk_aid[] =
	{ 0xA0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x27, 0x47, 0x11, 0x17 }; /MGR/
	static char const otp_aid[] =
	{ 0xA0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x27, 0x20, 0x01 }; /OTP/
	unsigned char *buf;
	size_t buflen;
	const unsigned char *s0;
	unsigned char formfactor;
	size_t n;

	if (!iso7816_select_application (slot, yk_aid, sizeof yk_aid,
	0x0001)
	&& !iso7816_apdu_direct (slot, "\x00\x1d\x00\x00\x00", 5, 0,
	NULL, &buf, &buflen))
	{
	app->cardtype = "yubikey";
	if (opt.verbose)
	{
	log_info ("Yubico: config=");
	log_printhex (buf, buflen, "");
	}

	/* We skip the first byte which seems to be the total
	* length of the config data. */
	if (buflen > 1)
	{
	s0 = find_tlv (buf+1, buflen-1, 0x04, &n); /* Form factor */
	formfactor = (s0 && n == 1)? *s0 : 0;

	s0 = find_tlv (buf+1, buflen-1, 0x02, &n); /* Serial */
	if (s0 && n >= 4)
	{
	app->serialno = xtrymalloc (3 + 1 + n);
	if (app->serialno)
	{
	app->serialnolen = 3 + 1 + n;
	app->serialno[0] = 0xff;
	app->serialno[1] = 0x02;
	app->serialno[2] = 0x0;
	app->serialno[3] = formfactor;
	memcpy (app->serialno + 4, s0, n);
	/* Note that we do not clear the error
	* so that no further serial number
	* testing is done. After all we just
	* set the serial number. */
	}
	}

	s0 = find_tlv (buf+1, buflen-1, 0x05, &n); /* version */
	if (s0 && n == 3)
	app->cardversion = ((s0[0]<<16)\|(s0[1]<<8)\|s0[2]);
	else if (!s0)
	{
	/* No version - this is not a Yubikey 5. We now
	* switch to the OTP app and take the first
	* three bytes of the reponse as version
	* number. */
	xfree (buf);
	buf = NULL;
	if (!iso7816_select_application_ext (slot,
	otp_aid, sizeof otp_aid,
	1, &buf, &buflen)
	&& buflen > 3)
	app->cardversion = ((buf[0]<<16)\|(buf[1]<<8)\|buf[2]);
	}
	}
	xfree (buf);
	}
	}

	if (!err)
	err = iso7816_select_file (slot, 0x2F02, 0);
	if (!err)
	err = iso7816_read_binary (slot, 0, 0, &result, &resultlen);
	if (!err)
	{
	size_t n;
	const unsigned char *p;

	p = find_tlv_unchecked (result, resultlen, 0x5A, &n);
	if (p)
	resultlen -= (p-result);
	if (p && n > resultlen && n == 0x0d && resultlen+1 == n)
	{
	/* The object it does not fit into the buffer. This is an
	invalid encoding (or the buffer is too short. However, I
	have some test cards with such an invalid encoding and
	therefore I use this ugly workaround to return something
	I can further experiment with. */
	log_info ("enabling BMI testcard workaround\n");
	n--;
	}

	if (p && n <= resultlen)
	{
	/* The GDO file is pretty short, thus we simply reuse it for
	storing the serial number. */
	memmove (result, p, n);
	app->serialno = result;
	app->serialnolen = n;
	err = app_munge_serialno (app);
	if (err)
	goto leave;
	}
	else
	xfree (result);
	result = NULL;
	}
	}

	/* Figure out the application to use. */
	if (want_undefined)
	{
	/* We switch to the "undefined" application only if explicitly
	requested. */
	app->apptype = "UNDEFINED";
	/* Clear the error so that we don't run through the application
	* selection chain. */
	err = 0;
	}
	else
	{
	/* For certain error codes, there is no need to try more. */
	if (gpg_err_code (err) == GPG_ERR_CARD_NOT_PRESENT
	\|\| gpg_err_code (err) == GPG_ERR_ENODEV)
	goto leave;

	/* Set a default error so that we run through the application
	* selection chain. */
	err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_NOT_FOUND);
	}

	/* Find the first available app if NAME is NULL or the one matching
	* NAME but only if that application is also enabled. */
	for (i=0; err && app_priority_list[i].name; i++)
	{
	if (is_app_allowed (app_priority_list[i].name)
	&& (!name \|\| !strcmp (name, app_priority_list[i].name)))
	err = app_priority_list[i].select_func (app);
	}
	if (err && name && gpg_err_code (err) != GPG_ERR_OBJ_TERM_STATE)
	err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED);

	leave:
	if (err)
	{
	if (name)
	log_info ("can't select application '%s': %s\n",
	name, gpg_strerror (err));
	else
	log_info ("no supported card application found: %s\n",
	gpg_strerror (err));
	unlock_app (app);
	xfree (app);
	return err;
	}

	app->periodical_check_needed = periodical_check_needed;
	app->next = app_top;
	app_top = app;
	unlock_app (app);
	return 0;
	}

	/* If called with NAME as NULL, select the best fitting application
	and return a context; otherwise select the application with NAME
	and return a context. Returns an error code and stores NULL at
	R_APP if no application was found or no card is present. */
	gpg_error_t
	select_application (ctrl_t ctrl, const char name, app_t r_app,
	int scan, const unsigned char *serialno_bin,
	size_t serialno_bin_len)
	{
	gpg_error_t err = 0;
	app_t a, a_prev = NULL;

	*r_app = NULL;

	npth_mutex_lock (&app_list_lock);

	if (scan \|\| !app_top)
	{
	struct dev_list *l;
	int new_app = 0;

	/* Scan the devices to find new device(s). */
	err = apdu_dev_list_start (opt.reader_port, &l);
	if (err)
	{
	npth_mutex_unlock (&app_list_lock);
	return err;
	}

	while (1)
	{
	int slot;
	int periodical_check_needed_this;

	slot = apdu_open_reader (l, !app_top);
	if (slot < 0)
	break;

	periodical_check_needed_this = apdu_connect (slot);
	if (periodical_check_needed_this < 0)
	{
	/* We close a reader with no card. */
	err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_ENODEV);
	}
	else
	{
	err = app_new_register (slot, ctrl, name,
	periodical_check_needed_this);
	new_app++;
	}

	if (err)
	apdu_close_reader (slot);
	}

	apdu_dev_list_finish (l);

	/* If new device(s), kick the scdaemon loop. */
	if (new_app)
	scd_kick_the_loop ();
	}

	for (a = app_top; a; a = a->next)
	{
	lock_app (a, ctrl);
	if (serialno_bin == NULL)
	break;
	if (a->serialnolen == serialno_bin_len
	&& !memcmp (a->serialno, serialno_bin, a->serialnolen))
	break;
	unlock_app (a);
	a_prev = a;
	}

	if (a)
	{
	err = check_conflict (a, name);
	if (!err)
	{
	a->ref_count++;
	*r_app = a;
	if (a_prev)
	{
	a_prev->next = a->next;
	a->next = app_top;
	app_top = a;
	}
	}
	unlock_app (a);
	}
	else
	err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_ENODEV);

	npth_mutex_unlock (&app_list_lock);

	return err;
	}


	char *
	get_supported_applications (void)
	{
	int idx;
	size_t nbytes;
	char buffer, p;
	const char *s;

	for (nbytes=1, idx=0; (s=app_priority_list[idx].name); idx++)
	nbytes += strlen (s) + 1 + 1;

	buffer = xtrymalloc (nbytes);
	if (!buffer)
	return NULL;

	for (p=buffer, idx=0; (s=app_priority_list[idx].name); idx++)
	if (is_app_allowed (s))
	p = stpcpy (stpcpy (p, s), ":\n");
	*p = 0;

	return buffer;
	}


	/* Deallocate the application. */
	static void
	deallocate_app (app_t app)
	{
	app_t a, a_prev = NULL;

	for (a = app_top; a; a = a->next)
	if (a == app)
	{
	if (a_prev == NULL)
	app_top = a->next;
	else
	a_prev->next = a->next;
	break;
	}
	else
	a_prev = a;

	if (app->ref_count)
	log_error ("trying to release context used yet (%d)\n", app->ref_count);

	if (app->fnc.deinit)
	{
	app->fnc.deinit (app);
	app->fnc.deinit = NULL;
	}

	xfree (app->serialno);

	unlock_app (app);
	xfree (app);
	}

	/* Free the resources associated with the application APP. APP is
	allowed to be NULL in which case this is a no-op. Note that we are
	using reference counting to track the users of the application and
	actually deferring the deallocation to allow for a later reuse by
	a new connection. */
	void
	release_application (app_t app, int locked_already)
	{
	if (!app)
	return;

	/* We don't deallocate app here. Instead, we keep it. This is
	useful so that a card does not get reset even if only one session
	is using the card - this way the PIN cache and other cached data
	are preserved. */

	if (!locked_already)
	lock_app (app, NULL);

	if (!app->ref_count)
	log_bug ("trying to release an already released context\n");

	--app->ref_count;
	if (!locked_already)
	unlock_app (app);
	}



	/* The serial number may need some cosmetics. Do it here. This
	function shall only be called once after a new serial number has
	been put into APP->serialno.

	Prefixes we use:

	FF 00 00 = For serial numbers starting with an FF
	FF 01 00 = Some german p15 cards return an empty serial number so the
	serial number from the EF(TokenInfo) is used instead.
	FF 02 00 = Serial number from Yubikey config
	FF 7F 00 = No serialno.

	All other serial number not starting with FF are used as they are.
	*/
	gpg_error_t
	app_munge_serialno (app_t app)
	{
	if (app->serialnolen && app->serialno[0] == 0xff)
	{
	/* The serial number starts with our special prefix. This
	requires that we put our default prefix "FF0000" in front. */
	unsigned char *p = xtrymalloc (app->serialnolen + 3);
	if (!p)
	return gpg_error_from_syserror ();
	memcpy (p, "\xff\0", 3);
	memcpy (p+3, app->serialno, app->serialnolen);
	app->serialnolen += 3;
	xfree (app->serialno);
	app->serialno = p;
	}
	else if (!app->serialnolen)
	{
	unsigned char *p = xtrymalloc (3);
	if (!p)
	return gpg_error_from_syserror ();
	memcpy (p, "\xff\x7f", 3);
	app->serialnolen = 3;
	xfree (app->serialno);
	app->serialno = p;
	}
	return 0;
	}



	/* Retrieve the serial number of the card. The serial number is
	returned as a malloced string (hex encoded) in SERIAL. Caller must
	free SERIAL unless the function returns an error. */
	char *
	app_get_serialno (app_t app)
	{
	char *serial;

	if (!app)
	return NULL;

	if (!app->serialnolen)
	serial = xtrystrdup ("FF7F00");
	else
	serial = bin2hex (app->serialno, app->serialnolen, NULL);

	return serial;
	}


	/* Write out the application specific status lines for the LEARN
	command. */
	gpg_error_t
	app_write_learn_status (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl, unsigned int flags)
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	if (!app)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);
	if (!app->fnc.learn_status)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);

	/* We do not send CARD and APPTYPE if only keypairinfo is requested. */
	if (!(flags &1))
	{
	if (app->cardtype)
	send_status_direct (ctrl, "CARDTYPE", app->cardtype);
	if (app->cardversion)
	send_status_printf (ctrl, "CARDVERSION", "%X", app->cardversion);
	if (app->apptype)
	send_status_direct (ctrl, "APPTYPE", app->apptype);
	if (app->appversion)
	send_status_printf (ctrl, "APPVERSION", "%X", app->appversion);
	}

	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	return err;
	err = app->fnc.learn_status (app, ctrl, flags);
	unlock_app (app);
	return err;
	}


	/* Read the certificate with id CERTID (as returned by learn_status in
	the CERTINFO status lines) and return it in the freshly allocated
	buffer put into CERT and the length of the certificate put into
	CERTLEN. */
	gpg_error_t
	app_readcert (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl, const char *certid,
	unsigned char *cert, size_t certlen)
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	if (!app)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);
	if (!app->ref_count)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CARD_NOT_INITIALIZED);
	if (!app->fnc.readcert)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	return err;
	err = app->fnc.readcert (app, certid, cert, certlen);
	unlock_app (app);
	return err;
	}


	/* Read the key with ID KEYID. On success a canonical encoded
	* S-expression with the public key will get stored at PK and its
	* length (for assertions) at PKLEN; the caller must release that
	* buffer. On error NULL will be stored at PK and PKLEN and an error
	* code returned. If the key is not required NULL may be passed for
	* PK; this makse send if the APP_READKEY_FLAG_INFO has also been set.
	*
	* This function might not be supported by all applications. */
	gpg_error_t
	app_readkey (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl, const char *keyid, unsigned int flags,
	unsigned char *pk, size_t pklen)
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	if (pk)
	*pk = NULL;
	if (pklen)
	*pklen = 0;

	if (!app \|\| !keyid)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);
	if (!app->ref_count)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CARD_NOT_INITIALIZED);
	if (!app->fnc.readkey)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	return err;
	err= app->fnc.readkey (app, ctrl, keyid, flags, pk, pklen);
	unlock_app (app);
	return err;
	}


	/* Perform a GETATTR operation. */
	gpg_error_t
	app_getattr (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl, const char *name)
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	if (!app \|\| !name \|\| !*name)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);
	if (!app->ref_count)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CARD_NOT_INITIALIZED);

	if (app->cardtype && name && !strcmp (name, "CARDTYPE"))
	{
	send_status_direct (ctrl, "CARDTYPE", app->cardtype);
	return 0;
	}
	if (app->apptype && name && !strcmp (name, "APPTYPE"))
	{
	send_status_direct (ctrl, "APPTYPE", app->apptype);
	return 0;
	}
	if (name && !strcmp (name, "SERIALNO"))
	{
	char *serial;

	serial = app_get_serialno (app);
	if (!serial)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);

	send_status_direct (ctrl, "SERIALNO", serial);
	xfree (serial);
	return 0;
	}

	if (!app->fnc.getattr)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	return err;
	err = app->fnc.getattr (app, ctrl, name);
	unlock_app (app);
	return err;
	}

	/* Perform a SETATTR operation. */
	gpg_error_t
	app_setattr (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl, const char *name,
	gpg_error_t (pincb)(void, const char , char *),
	void *pincb_arg,
	const unsigned char *value, size_t valuelen)
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	if (!app \|\| !name \|\| !*name \|\| !value)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);
	if (!app->ref_count)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CARD_NOT_INITIALIZED);
	if (!app->fnc.setattr)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	return err;
	err = app->fnc.setattr (app, name, pincb, pincb_arg, value, valuelen);
	unlock_app (app);
	return err;
	}

	/* Create the signature and return the allocated result in OUTDATA.
	If a PIN is required the PINCB will be used to ask for the PIN; it
	should return the PIN in an allocated buffer and put it into PIN. */
	gpg_error_t
	app_sign (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl, const char *keyidstr, int hashalgo,
	gpg_error_t (pincb)(void, const char , char *),
	void *pincb_arg,
	const void *indata, size_t indatalen,
	unsigned char *outdata, size_t outdatalen )
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	if (!app \|\| !indata \|\| !indatalen \|\| !outdata \|\| !outdatalen \|\| !pincb)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);
	if (!app->ref_count)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CARD_NOT_INITIALIZED);
	if (!app->fnc.sign)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	return err;
	err = app->fnc.sign (app, keyidstr, hashalgo,
	pincb, pincb_arg,
	indata, indatalen,
	outdata, outdatalen);
	unlock_app (app);
	if (opt.verbose)
	log_info ("operation sign result: %s\n", gpg_strerror (err));
	return err;
	}

	/* Create the signature using the INTERNAL AUTHENTICATE command and
	return the allocated result in OUTDATA. If a PIN is required the
	PINCB will be used to ask for the PIN; it should return the PIN in
	an allocated buffer and put it into PIN. */
	gpg_error_t
	app_auth (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl, const char *keyidstr,
	gpg_error_t (pincb)(void, const char , char *),
	void *pincb_arg,
	const void *indata, size_t indatalen,
	unsigned char *outdata, size_t outdatalen )
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	if (!app \|\| !indata \|\| !indatalen \|\| !outdata \|\| !outdatalen \|\| !pincb)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);
	if (!app->ref_count)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CARD_NOT_INITIALIZED);
	if (!app->fnc.auth)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	return err;
	err = app->fnc.auth (app, keyidstr,
	pincb, pincb_arg,
	indata, indatalen,
	outdata, outdatalen);
	unlock_app (app);
	if (opt.verbose)
	log_info ("operation auth result: %s\n", gpg_strerror (err));
	return err;
	}


	/* Decrypt the data in INDATA and return the allocated result in OUTDATA.
	If a PIN is required the PINCB will be used to ask for the PIN; it
	should return the PIN in an allocated buffer and put it into PIN. */
	gpg_error_t
	app_decipher (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl, const char *keyidstr,
	gpg_error_t (pincb)(void, const char , char *),
	void *pincb_arg,
	const void *indata, size_t indatalen,
	unsigned char *outdata, size_t outdatalen,
	unsigned int *r_info)
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	*r_info = 0;

	if (!app \|\| !indata \|\| !indatalen \|\| !outdata \|\| !outdatalen \|\| !pincb)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);
	if (!app->ref_count)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CARD_NOT_INITIALIZED);
	if (!app->fnc.decipher)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	return err;
	err = app->fnc.decipher (app, keyidstr,
	pincb, pincb_arg,
	indata, indatalen,
	outdata, outdatalen,
	r_info);
	unlock_app (app);
	if (opt.verbose)
	log_info ("operation decipher result: %s\n", gpg_strerror (err));
	return err;
	}


	/* Perform the WRITECERT operation. */
	gpg_error_t
	app_writecert (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl,
	const char *certidstr,
	gpg_error_t (pincb)(void, const char , char *),
	void *pincb_arg,
	const unsigned char *data, size_t datalen)
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	if (!app \|\| !certidstr \|\| !*certidstr \|\| !pincb)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);
	if (!app->ref_count)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CARD_NOT_INITIALIZED);
	if (!app->fnc.writecert)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	return err;
	err = app->fnc.writecert (app, ctrl, certidstr,
	pincb, pincb_arg, data, datalen);
	unlock_app (app);
	if (opt.verbose)
	log_info ("operation writecert result: %s\n", gpg_strerror (err));
	return err;
	}


	/* Perform the WRITEKEY operation. */
	gpg_error_t
	app_writekey (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl,
	const char *keyidstr, unsigned int flags,
	gpg_error_t (pincb)(void, const char , char *),
	void *pincb_arg,
	const unsigned char *keydata, size_t keydatalen)
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	if (!app \|\| !keyidstr \|\| !*keyidstr \|\| !pincb)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);
	if (!app->ref_count)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CARD_NOT_INITIALIZED);
	if (!app->fnc.writekey)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	return err;
	err = app->fnc.writekey (app, ctrl, keyidstr, flags,
	pincb, pincb_arg, keydata, keydatalen);
	unlock_app (app);
	if (opt.verbose)
	log_info ("operation writekey result: %s\n", gpg_strerror (err));
	return err;
	}


	/* Perform a SETATTR operation. */
	gpg_error_t
	app_genkey (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl, const char *keynostr,
	const char *keytype, unsigned int flags, time_t createtime,
	gpg_error_t (pincb)(void, const char , char *),
	void *pincb_arg)
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	if (!app \|\| !keynostr \|\| !*keynostr \|\| !pincb)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);
	if (!app->ref_count)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CARD_NOT_INITIALIZED);
	if (!app->fnc.genkey)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	return err;
	err = app->fnc.genkey (app, ctrl, keynostr, keytype, flags,
	createtime, pincb, pincb_arg);
	unlock_app (app);
	if (opt.verbose)
	log_info ("operation genkey result: %s\n", gpg_strerror (err));
	return err;
	}


	/* Perform a GET CHALLENGE operation. This function is special as it
	directly accesses the card without any application specific
	wrapper. */
	gpg_error_t
	app_get_challenge (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl, size_t nbytes, unsigned char *buffer)
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	if (!app \|\| !nbytes \|\| !buffer)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);
	if (!app->ref_count)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CARD_NOT_INITIALIZED);
	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	return err;
	err = iso7816_get_challenge (app->slot, nbytes, buffer);
	unlock_app (app);
	return err;
	}



	/* Perform a CHANGE REFERENCE DATA or RESET RETRY COUNTER operation. */
	gpg_error_t
	app_change_pin (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl, const char *chvnostr,
	unsigned int flags,
	gpg_error_t (pincb)(void, const char , char *),
	void *pincb_arg)
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	if (!app \|\| !chvnostr \|\| !*chvnostr \|\| !pincb)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);
	if (!app->ref_count)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CARD_NOT_INITIALIZED);
	if (!app->fnc.change_pin)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	return err;
	err = app->fnc.change_pin (app, ctrl, chvnostr, flags, pincb, pincb_arg);
	unlock_app (app);
	if (opt.verbose)
	log_info ("operation change_pin result: %s\n", gpg_strerror (err));
	return err;
	}


	/* Perform a VERIFY operation without doing anything else. This may
	be used to initialize a the PIN cache for long lasting other
	operations. Its use is highly application dependent. */
	gpg_error_t
	app_check_pin (app_t app, ctrl_t ctrl, const char *keyidstr,
	gpg_error_t (pincb)(void, const char , char *),
	void *pincb_arg)
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	if (!app \|\| !keyidstr \|\| !*keyidstr \|\| !pincb)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE);
	if (!app->ref_count)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_CARD_NOT_INITIALIZED);
	if (!app->fnc.check_pin)
	return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
	err = lock_app (app, ctrl);
	if (err)
	return err;
	err = app->fnc.check_pin (app, keyidstr, pincb, pincb_arg);
	unlock_app (app);
	if (opt.verbose)
	log_info ("operation check_pin result: %s\n", gpg_strerror (err));
	return err;
	}

	static void
	report_change (int slot, int old_status, int cur_status)
	{
	char homestr, envstr;
	char *fname;
	char templ[50];
	FILE *fp;

	snprintf (templ, sizeof templ, "reader_%d.status", slot);
	fname = make_filename (gnupg_homedir (), templ, NULL );
	fp = fopen (fname, "w");
	if (fp)
	{
	fprintf (fp, "%s\n",
	(cur_status & 1)? "USABLE":
	(cur_status & 4)? "ACTIVE":
	(cur_status & 2)? "PRESENT": "NOCARD");
	fclose (fp);
	}
	xfree (fname);

	homestr = make_filename (gnupg_homedir (), NULL);
	if (gpgrt_asprintf (&envstr, "GNUPGHOME=%s", homestr) < 0)
	log_error ("out of core while building environment\n");
	else
	{
	gpg_error_t err;
	const char args[9], envs[2];
	char numbuf1[30], numbuf2[30], numbuf3[30];

	envs[0] = envstr;
	envs[1] = NULL;

	sprintf (numbuf1, "%d", slot);
	sprintf (numbuf2, "0x%04X", old_status);
	sprintf (numbuf3, "0x%04X", cur_status);
	args[0] = "--reader-port";
	args[1] = numbuf1;
	args[2] = "--old-code";
	args[3] = numbuf2;
	args[4] = "--new-code";
	args[5] = numbuf3;
	args[6] = "--status";
	args[7] = ((cur_status & 1)? "USABLE":
	(cur_status & 4)? "ACTIVE":
	(cur_status & 2)? "PRESENT": "NOCARD");
	args[8] = NULL;

	fname = make_filename (gnupg_homedir (), "scd-event", NULL);
	err = gnupg_spawn_process_detached (fname, args, envs);
	if (err && gpg_err_code (err) != GPG_ERR_ENOENT)
	log_error ("failed to run event handler '%s': %s\n",
	fname, gpg_strerror (err));
	xfree (fname);
	xfree (envstr);
	}
	xfree (homestr);
	}

	int
	scd_update_reader_status_file (void)
	{
	app_t a, app_next;
	int periodical_check_needed = 0;

	npth_mutex_lock (&app_list_lock);
	for (a = app_top; a; a = app_next)
	{
	int sw;
	unsigned int status;

	lock_app (a, NULL);
	app_next = a->next;

	if (a->reset_requested)
	status = 0;
	else
	{
	sw = apdu_get_status (a->slot, 0, &status);
	if (sw == SW_HOST_NO_READER)
	{
	/* Most likely the _reader_ has been unplugged. */
	status = 0;
	}
	else if (sw)
	{
	/* Get status failed. Ignore that. */
	if (a->periodical_check_needed)
	periodical_check_needed = 1;
	unlock_app (a);
	continue;
	}
	}

	if (a->card_status != status)
	{
	report_change (a->slot, a->card_status, status);
	send_client_notifications (a, status == 0);

	if (status == 0)
	{
	log_debug ("Removal of a card: %d\n", a->slot);
	apdu_close_reader (a->slot);
	deallocate_app (a);
	}
	else
	{
	a->card_status = status;
	if (a->periodical_check_needed)
	periodical_check_needed = 1;
	unlock_app (a);
	}
	}
	else
	{
	if (a->periodical_check_needed)
	periodical_check_needed = 1;
	unlock_app (a);
	}
	}
	npth_mutex_unlock (&app_list_lock);

	return periodical_check_needed;
	}

	/* This function must be called once to initialize this module. This
	has to be done before a second thread is spawned. We can't do the
	static initialization because Pth emulation code might not be able
	to do a static init; in particular, it is not possible for W32. */
	gpg_error_t
	initialize_module_command (void)
	{
	gpg_error_t err;

	if (npth_mutex_init (&app_list_lock, NULL))
	{
	err = gpg_error_from_syserror ();
	log_error ("app: error initializing mutex: %s\n", gpg_strerror (err));
	return err;
	}

	return apdu_init ();
	}

	void
	app_send_card_list (ctrl_t ctrl)
	{
	app_t a;
	char buf[65];

	npth_mutex_lock (&app_list_lock);
	for (a = app_top; a; a = a->next)
	{
	if (DIM (buf) < 2 * a->serialnolen + 1)
	continue;

	bin2hex (a->serialno, a->serialnolen, buf);
	send_status_direct (ctrl, "SERIALNO", buf);
	}
	npth_mutex_unlock (&app_list_lock);
	}

	/* Execute an action for each app. ACTION can be one of:
	KEYGRIP_ACTION_SEND_DATA: send data if KEYGRIP_STR matches
	KEYGRIP_ACTION_WRITE_STATUS: write status if KEYGRIP_STR matches
	KEYGRIP_ACTION_LOOKUP: Return matching APP
	*/
	app_t
	app_do_with_keygrip (ctrl_t ctrl, int action, const char *keygrip_str)
	{
	app_t a;

	npth_mutex_lock (&app_list_lock);

	for (a = app_top; a; a = a->next)
	if (a->fnc.with_keygrip
	&& !a->fnc.with_keygrip (a, ctrl, action, keygrip_str))
	break;

	npth_mutex_unlock (&app_list_lock);
	return a;
	}

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