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+#+TITLE: GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG) Made Easy Python Bindings HOWTO (English)
+#+LATEX_COMPILER: xelatex
+#+LATEX_CLASS: article
+#+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [12pt]
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage{xltxtra}
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \setmainfont[Ligatures={Common}]{Times New Roman}
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \author{Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>}
+
+
+* Introduction
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: intro
+ :END:
+
+ | Version: | 0.1.0 |
+ | Author: | Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org> |
+ | Author GPG Key: | DB4724E6FA4286C92B4E55C4321E4E2373590E5D |
+ | Language: | Australian English, British English |
+ | xml:lang: | en-AU, en-GB, en |
+
+ This document provides basic instruction in how to use the GPGME
+ Python bindings to programmatically leverage the GPGME library.
+
+
+** Python 2 versus Python 3
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: py2-vs-py3
+ :END:
+
+ Though the GPGME Python bindings themselves provide support for
+ both Python 2 and 3, the focus is unequivocally on Python 3 and
+ specifically from Python 3.4 and above. As a consequence all the
+ examples and instructions in this guide use Python 3 code.
+
+ Much of it will work with Python 2, but much of it also deals with
+ Python 3 byte literals, particularly when reading and writing data.
+ Developers concentrating on Python 2.7, and possibly even 2.6, will
+ need to make the appropriate modifications to support the older
+ string and unicode types as opposed to bytes.
+
+ There are multiple reasons for concentrating on Python 3; some of
+ which relate to the immediate integration of these bindings, some
+ of which relate to longer term plans for both GPGME and the python
+ bindings and some of which relate to the impending EOL period for
+ Python 2.7. Essentially, though, there is little value in tying
+ the bindings to a version of the language which is a dead end and
+ the advantages offered by Python 3 over Python 2 make handling the
+ data types with which GPGME deals considerably easier.
+
+
+** Examples
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-python3-examples
+ :END:
+
+ All of the examples found in this document can be found as Python 3
+ scripts in the =lang/python/examples/howto= directory.
+
+
+* GPGME Concepts
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: gpgme-concepts
+ :END:
+
+
+** A C API
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: gpgme-c-api
+ :END:
+
+ Unlike many modern APIs with which programmers will be more
+ familiar with these days, the GPGME API is a C API. The API is
+ intended for use by C coders who would be able to access its
+ features by including the =gpgme.h= header file with their own C
+ source code and then access its functions just as they would any
+ other C headers.
+
+ This is a very effective method of gaining complete access to the
+ API and in the most efficient manner possible. It does, however,
+ have the drawback that it cannot be directly used by other
+ languages without some means of providing an interface to those
+ languages. This is where the need for bindings in various
+ languages stems.
+
+
+** Python bindings
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: gpgme-python-bindings
+ :END:
+
+ The Python bindings for GPGME provide a higher level means of
+ accessing the complete feature set of GPGME itself. It also
+ provides a more pythonic means of calling these API functions.
+
+ The bindings are generated dynamically with SWIG and the copy of
+ =gpgme.h= generated when GPGME is compiled.
+
+ This means that a version of the Python bindings is fundamentally
+ tied to the exact same version of GPGME used to generate that copy
+ of =gpgme.h=.
+
+
+** Difference between the Python bindings and other GnuPG Python packages
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: gpgme-python-bindings-diffs
+ :END:
+
+ There have been numerous attempts to add GnuPG support to Python
+ over the years. Some of the most well known are listed here, along
+ with what differentiates them.
+
+
+*** The python-gnupg package maintained by Vinay Sajip
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: diffs-python-gnupg
+ :END:
+
+ This is arguably the most popular means of integrating GPG with
+ Python. The package utilises the =subprocess= module to implement
+ wrappers for the =gpg= and =gpg2= executables normally invoked on
+ the command line (=gpg.exe= and =gpg2.exe= on Windows).
+
+ The popularity of this package stemmed from its ease of use and
+ capability in providing the most commonly required features.
+
+ Unfortunately it has been beset by a number of security issues in
+ the past; most of which stemmed from using unsafe methods of
+ accessing the command line via the =subprocess= calls. While some
+ effort has been made over the last two to three years (as of 2018)
+ to mitigate this, particularly by no longer providing shell access
+ through those subprocess calls, the wrapper is still somewhat
+ limited in the scope of its GnuPG features coverage.
+
+ The python-gnupg package is available under the MIT license.
+
+
+*** The gnupg package created and maintained by Isis Lovecruft
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: diffs-isis-gnupg
+ :END:
+
+ In 2015 Isis Lovecruft from the Tor Project forked and then
+ re-implemented the python-gnupg package as just gnupg. This new
+ package also relied on subprocess to call the =gpg= or =gpg2=
+ binaries, but did so somewhat more securely.
+
+ The naming and version numbering selected for this package,
+ however, resulted in conflicts with the original python-gnupg and
+ since its functions were called in a different manner to
+ python-gnupg, the release of this package also resulted in a great
+ deal of consternation when people installed what they thought was
+ an upgrade that subsequently broke the code relying on it.
+
+ The gnupg package is available under the GNU General Public
+ License version 3.0 (or any later version).
+
+
+*** The PyME package maintained by Martin Albrecht
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: diffs-pyme
+ :END:
+
+ This package is the origin of these bindings, though they are
+ somewhat different now. For details of when and how the PyME
+ package was folded back into GPGME itself see the /Short History/
+ document[fn:1] in this Python bindings =docs= directory.[fn:2]
+
+ The PyME package was first released in 2002 and was also the first
+ attempt to implement a low level binding to GPGME. In doing so it
+ provided access to considerably more functionality than either the
+ =python-gnupg= or =gnupg= packages.
+
+ The PyME package is only available for Python 2.6 and 2.7.
+
+ Porting the PyME package to Python 3.4 in 2015 is what resulted in
+ it being folded into the GPGME project and the current bindings
+ are the end result of that effort.
+
+ The PyME package is available under the same dual licensing as
+ GPGME itself: the GNU General Public License version 2.0 (or any
+ later version) and the GNU Lesser General Public License version
+ 2.1 (or any later version).
+
+
+* GPGME Python bindings installation
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: gpgme-python-install
+ :END:
+
+
+** No PyPI
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: do-not-use-pypi
+ :END:
+
+ Most third-party Python packages and modules are available and
+ distributed through the Python Package Installer, known as PyPI.
+
+ Due to the nature of what these bindings are and how they work, it
+ is infeasible to install the GPGME Python bindings in the same way.
+
+ This is because the bindings use SWIG to dynamically generate C
+ bindings against =gpgme.h= and =gpgme.h= is generated from
+ =gpgme.h.in= at compile time when GPGME is built from source. Thus
+ to include a package in PyPI which actually built correctly would
+ require either statically built libraries for every architecture
+ bundled with it or a full implementation of C for each
+ architecture.
+
+
+** Requirements
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: gpgme-python-requirements
+ :END:
+
+ The GPGME Python bindings only have three requirements:
+
+ 1. A suitable version of Python 2 or Python 3. With Python 2 that
+ means Python 2.7 and with Python 3 that means Python 3.4 or
+ higher.
+ 2. SWIG.
+ 3. GPGME itself. Which also means that all of GPGME's dependencies
+ must be installed too.
+
+
+** Installation
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: installation
+ :END:
+
+ Installing the Python bindings is effectively achieved by compiling
+ and installing GPGME itself.
+
+ Once SWIG is installed with Python and all the dependencies for
+ GPGME are installed you only need to confirm that the version(s) of
+ Python you want the bindings installed for are in your =$PATH=.
+
+ By default GPGME will attempt to install the bindings for the most
+ recent or highest version number of Python 2 and Python 3 it
+ detects in =$PATH=. It specifically checks for the =python= and
+ =python3= executables first and then checks for specific version
+ numbers.
+
+ For Python 2 it checks for these executables in this order:
+ =python=, =python2= and =python2.7=.
+
+ For Python 3 it checks for these executables in this order:
+ =python3=, =python3.6=, =python3.5= and =python3.4=.
+
+
+*** Installing GPGME
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: install-gpgme
+ :END:
+
+ See the GPGME =README= file for details of how to install GPGME from
+ source.
+
+
+* Fundamentals
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-fund-a-mental
+ :END:
+
+ Before we can get to the fun stuff, there are a few matters
+ regarding GPGME's design which hold true whether you're dealing with
+ the C code directly or these Python bindings.
+
+
+** No REST
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: no-rest-for-the-wicked
+ :END:
+
+ The first part of which is or will be fairly blatantly obvious upon
+ viewing the first example, but it's worth reiterating anyway. That
+ being that this API is /*not*/ a REST API. Nor indeed could it
+ ever be one.
+
+ Most, if not all, Python programmers (and not just Python
+ programmers) know how easy it is to work with a RESTful API. In
+ fact they've become so popular that many other APIs attempt to
+ emulate REST-like behaviour as much as they are able. Right down
+ to the use of JSON formatted output to facilitate the use of their
+ API without having to retrain developers.
+
+ This API does not do that. It would not be able to do that and
+ also provide access to the entire C API on which it's built. It
+ does, however, provide a very pythonic interface on top of the
+ direct bindings and it's this pythonic layer with which this HOWTO
+ deals with.
+
+
+** Context
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-get-context
+ :END:
+
+ One of the reasons which prevents this API from being RESTful is
+ that most operations require more than one instruction to the API
+ to perform the task. Sure, there are certain functions which can
+ be performed simultaneously, particularly if the result known or
+ strongly anticipated (e.g. selecting and encrypting to a key known
+ to be in the public keybox).
+
+ There are many more, however, which cannot be manipulated so
+ readily: they must be performed in a specific sequence and the
+ result of one operation has a direct bearing on the outcome of
+ subsequent operations. Not merely by generating an error either.
+
+ When dealing with this type of persistent state on the web, full of
+ both the RESTful and REST-like, it's most commonly referred to as a
+ session. In GPGME, however, it is called a context and every
+ operation type has one.
+
+
+* Working with keys
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-keys
+ :END:
+
+
+** Key selection
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-keys-selection
+ :END:
+
+ Selecting keys to encrypt to or to sign with will be a common
+ occurrence when working with GPGMe and the means available for
+ doing so are quite simple.
+
+ They do depend on utilising a Context; however once the data is
+ recorded in another variable, that Context does not need to be the
+ same one which subsequent operations are performed.
+
+ The easiest way to select a specific key is by searching for that
+ key's key ID or fingerprint, preferably the full fingerprint
+ without any spaces in it. A long key ID will probably be okay, but
+ is not advised and short key IDs are already a problem with some
+ being generated to match specific patterns. It does not matter
+ whether the pattern is upper or lower case.
+
+ So this is the best method:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ k = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="258E88DCBD3CD44D8E7AB43F6ECB6AF0DEADBEEF")
+ keys = list(k)
+ #+end_src
+
+ This is passable and very likely to be common:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ k = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="0x6ECB6AF0DEADBEEF")
+ keys = list(k)
+ #+end_src
+
+ And this is a really bad idea:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ k = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="0xDEADBEEF")
+ keys = list(k)
+ #+end_src
+
+ Alternatively it may be that the intention is to create a list of
+ keys which all match a particular search string. For instance all
+ the addresses at a particular domain, like this:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ ncsc = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="ncsc.mil")
+ nsa = list(ncsc)
+ #+end_src
+
+
+*** Counting keys
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-keys-counting
+ :END:
+
+ Counting the number of keys in your public keybox (=pubring.kbx=),
+ the format which has superseded the old keyring format
+ (=pubring.gpg= and =secring.gpg=), or the number of secret keys is
+ a very simple task.
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ c = gpg.Context()
+ seckeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=True)
+ pubkeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=False)
+
+ seclist = list(seckeys)
+ secnum = len(seclist)
+
+ publist = list(pubkeys)
+ pubnum = len(publist)
+
+ print("""
+ Number of secret keys: {0}
+ Number of public keys: {1}
+ """.format(secnum, pubnum))
+ #+end_src
+
+
+** Get key
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-get-key
+ :END:
+
+ An alternative method of getting a single key via its fingerprint
+ is available directly within a Context with =Context().get_key=.
+ This is the preferred method of selecting a key in order to modify
+ it, sign or certify it and for obtaining relevant data about a
+ single key as a part of other functions; when verifying a signature
+ made by that key, for instance.
+
+ By default this method will select public keys, but it can select
+ secret keys as well.
+
+ This first example demonstrates selecting the current key of Werner
+ Koch, which is due to expire at the end of 2018:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ fingerprint = "80615870F5BAD690333686D0F2AD85AC1E42B367"
+ key = gpg.Context().get_key(fingerprint)
+ #+end_src
+
+ Whereas this example demonstrates selecting the author's current
+ key with the =secret= key word argument set to =True=:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ fingerprint = "DB4724E6FA4286C92B4E55C4321E4E2373590E5D"
+ key = gpg.Context().get_key(fingerprint, secret=True)
+ #+end_src
+
+ It is, of course, quite possible to select expired, disabled and
+ revoked keys with this function, but only to effectively display
+ information about those keys.
+
+ It is also possible to use both unicode or string literals and byte
+ literals with the fingerprint when getting a key in this way.
+
+
+* Basic Functions
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-the-basics
+ :END:
+
+ The most frequently called features of any cryptographic library
+ will be the most fundamental tasks for encryption software. In this
+ section we will look at how to programmatically encrypt data,
+ decrypt it, sign it and verify signatures.
+
+
+** Encryption
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-encryption
+ :END:
+
+ Encrypting is very straight forward. In the first example below
+ the message, =text=, is encrypted to a single recipient's key. In
+ the second example the message will be encrypted to multiple
+ recipients.
+
+
+*** Encrypting to one key
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-encryption-single
+ :END:
+
+ Once the the Context is set the main issues with encrypting data
+ is essentially reduced to key selection and the keyword arguments
+ specified in the =gpg.Context().encrypt()= method.
+
+ Those keyword arguments are: =recipients=, a list of keys
+ encrypted to (covered in greater detail in the following section);
+ =sign=, whether or not to sign the plaintext data, see subsequent
+ sections on signing and verifying signatures below (defaults to
+ =True=); =sink=, to write results or partial results to a secure
+ sink instead of returning it (defaults to =None=); =passphrase=,
+ only used when utilising symmetric encryption (defaults to
+ =None=); =always_trust=, used to override the trust model settings
+ for recipient keys (defaults to =False=); =add_encrypt_to=,
+ utilises any preconfigured =encrypt-to= or =default-key= settings
+ in the user's =gpg.conf= file (defaults to =False=); =prepare=,
+ prepare for encryption (defaults to =False=); =expect_sign=,
+ prepare for signing (defaults to =False=); =compress=, compresses
+ the plaintext prior to encryption (defaults to =True=).
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ a_key = "0x12345678DEADBEEF"
+ text = b"""Some text to test with.
+
+ Since the text in this case must be bytes, it is most likely that
+ the input form will be a separate file which is opened with "rb"
+ as this is the simplest method of obtaining the correct data
+ format.
+ """
+
+ c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+ rkey = list(c.keylist(pattern=a_key, secret=False))
+ ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=rkey, sign=False)
+
+ with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+ afile.write(ciphertext)
+ #+end_src
+
+ Though this is even more likely to be used like this; with the
+ plaintext input read from a file, the recipient keys used for
+ encryption regardless of key trust status and the encrypted output
+ also encrypted to any preconfigured keys set in the =gpg.conf=
+ file:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ a_key = "0x12345678DEADBEEF"
+
+ with open("secret_plans.txt", "rb") as afile:
+ text = afile.read()
+
+ c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+ rkey = list(c.keylist(pattern=a_key, secret=False))
+ ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=rkey,
+ sign=True, always_trust=True,
+ add_encrypt_to=True)
+
+ with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+ afile.write(ciphertext)
+ #+end_src
+
+ If the =recipients= paramater is empty then the plaintext is
+ encrypted symmetrically. If no =passphrase= is supplied as a
+ parameter or via a callback registered with the =Context()= then
+ an out-of-band prompt for the passphrase via pinentry will be
+ invoked.
+
+
+*** Encrypting to multiple keys
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-encryption-multiple
+ :END:
+
+ Encrypting to multiple keys essentially just expands upon the key
+ selection process and the recipients from the previous examples.
+
+ The following example encrypts a message (=text=) to everyone with
+ an email address on the =gnupg.org= domain,[fn:3] but does /not/ encrypt
+ to a default key or other key which is configured to normally
+ encrypt to.
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ text = b"""Oh look, another test message.
+
+ The same rules apply as with the previous example and more likely
+ than not, the message will actually be drawn from reading the
+ contents of a file or, maybe, from entering data at an input()
+ prompt.
+
+ Since the text in this case must be bytes, it is most likely that
+ the input form will be a separate file which is opened with "rb"
+ as this is the simplest method of obtaining the correct data
+ format.
+ """
+
+ c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+ rpattern = list(c.keylist(pattern="@gnupg.org", secret=False))
+ logrus = []
+
+ for i in range(len(rpattern)):
+ if rpattern[i].can_encrypt == 1:
+ logrus.append(rpattern[i])
+
+ ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus, sign=False,
+ always_trust=True)
+
+ with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+ afile.write(ciphertext)
+ #+end_src
+
+ All it would take to change the above example to sign the message
+ and also encrypt the message to any configured default keys would
+ be to change the =c.encrypt= line to this:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus,
+ always_trust=True,
+ add_encrypt_to=True)
+ #+end_src
+
+ The only keyword arguments requiring modification are those for
+ which the default values are changing. The default value of
+ =sign= is =True=, the default of =always_trust= is =False=, the
+ default of =add_encrypt_to= is =False=.
+
+ If =always_trust= is not set to =True= and any of the recipient
+ keys are not trusted (e.g. not signed or locally signed) then the
+ encryption will raise an error. It is possible to mitigate this
+ somewhat with something more like this:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "rb") as afile:
+ text = afile.read()
+
+ c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+ rpattern = list(c.keylist(pattern="@gnupg.org", secret=False))
+ logrus = []
+
+ for i in range(len(rpattern)):
+ if rpattern[i].can_encrypt == 1:
+ logrus.append(rpattern[i])
+
+ try:
+ ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus, add_encrypt_to=True)
+ except gpg.errors.InvalidRecipients as e:
+ for i in range(len(e.recipients)):
+ for n in range(len(logrus)):
+ if logrus[n].fpr == e.recipients[i].fpr:
+ logrus.remove(logrus[n])
+ else:
+ pass
+ try:
+ ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus, add_encrypt_to=True)
+ except:
+ pass
+
+ with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+ afile.write(ciphertext)
+ #+end_src
+
+ This will attempt to encrypt to all the keys searched for, then
+ remove invalid recipients if it fails and try again.
+
+
+** Decryption
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-decryption
+ :END:
+
+ Decrypting something encrypted to a key in one's secret keyring is
+ fairly straight forward.
+
+ In this example code, however, preconfiguring either
+ =gpg.Context()= or =gpg.core.Context()= as =c= is unnecessary
+ because there is no need to modify the Context prior to conducting
+ the decryption and since the Context is only used once, setting it
+ to =c= simply adds lines for no gain.
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ ciphertext = input("Enter path and filename of encrypted file: ")
+ newfile = input("Enter path and filename of file to save decrypted data to: ")
+ with open(ciphertext, "rb") as cfile:
+ plaintext, result, verify_result = gpg.Context().decrypt(cfile)
+ with open(newfile, "wb") as nfile:
+ nfile.write(plaintext)
+ #+end_src
+
+ The data available in plaintext in this example is the decrypted
+ content as a byte object in =plaintext[0]=, the recipient key IDs
+ and algorithms in =plaintext[1]= and the results of verifying any
+ signatures of the data in =plaintext[0]=.
+
+
+** Signing text and files
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-signing
+ :END:
+
+ The following sections demonstrate how to specify keys to sign with.
+
+
+*** Signing key selection
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-signing-signers
+ :END:
+
+ By default GPGME and the Python bindings will use the default key
+ configured for the user invoking the GPGME API. If there is no
+ default key specified and there is more than one secret key
+ available it may be necessary to specify the key or keys with
+ which to sign messages and files.
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ logrus = input("Enter the email address or string to match signing keys to: ")
+ hancock = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern=logrus, secret=True)
+ sig_src = list(hancock)
+ #+end_src
+
+ The signing examples in the following sections include the
+ explicitly designated =signers= parameter in two of the five
+ examples; once where the resulting signature would be ASCII
+ armoured and once where it would not be armoured.
+
+ While it would be possible to enter a key ID or fingerprint here
+ to match a specific key, it is not possible to enter two
+ fingerprints and match two keys since the patten expects a string,
+ bytes or None and not a list. A string with two fingerprints
+ won't match any single key.
+
+
+*** Normal or default signing messages or files
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-signing-normal
+ :END:
+
+ The normal or default signing process is essentially the same as
+ is most often invoked when also encrypting a message or file. So
+ when the encryption component is not utilised, the result is to
+ produce an encoded and signed output which may or may not be ASCII
+ armoured and which may or may not also be compressed.
+
+ By default compression will be used unless GnuPG detects that the
+ plaintext is already compressed. ASCII armouring will be
+ determined according to the value of =gpg.Context().armor=.
+
+ The compression algorithm is selected in much the same way as the
+ symmetric encryption algorithm or the hash digest algorithm is
+ when multiple keys are involved; from the preferences saved into
+ the key itself or by comparison with the preferences with all
+ other keys involved.
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ text0 = """Declaration of ... something.
+
+ """
+ text = text0.encode()
+
+ c = gpg.Context(armor=True, signers=sig_src)
+ signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.NORMAL)
+
+ with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "w") as afile:
+ afile.write(signed_data.decode())
+ #+end_src
+
+ Though everything in this example is accurate, it is more likely
+ that reading the input data from another file and writing the
+ result to a new file will be performed more like the way it is done
+ in the next example. Even if the output format is ASCII armoured.
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ with open("/path/to/statement.txt", "rb") as tfile:
+ text = tfile.read()
+
+ c = gpg.Context()
+ signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.NORMAL)
+
+ with open("/path/to/statement.txt.sig", "wb") as afile:
+ afile.write(signed_data)
+ #+end_src
+
+
+*** Detached signing messages and files
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-signing-detached
+ :END:
+
+ Detached signatures will often be needed in programmatic uses of
+ GPGME, either for signing files (e.g. tarballs of code releases)
+ or as a component of message signing (e.g. PGP/MIME encoded
+ email).
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ text0 = """Declaration of ... something.
+
+ """
+ text = text0.encode()
+
+ c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+ signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.DETACH)
+
+ with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "w") as afile:
+ afile.write(signed_data.decode())
+ #+end_src
+
+ As with normal signatures, detached signatures are best handled as
+ byte literals, even when the output is ASCII armoured.
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ with open("/path/to/statement.txt", "rb") as tfile:
+ text = tfile.read()
+
+ c = gpg.Context(signers=sig_src)
+ signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.DETACH)
+
+ with open("/path/to/statement.txt.sig", "wb") as afile:
+ afile.write(signed_data)
+ #+end_src
+
+
+*** Clearsigning messages or text
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-signing-clear
+ :END:
+
+ Though PGP/in-line messages are no longer encouraged in favour of
+ PGP/MIME, there is still sometimes value in utilising in-line
+ signatures. This is where clear-signed messages or text is of
+ value.
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ text0 = """Declaration of ... something.
+
+ """
+ text = text0.encode()
+
+ c = gpg.Context()
+ signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.CLEAR)
+
+ with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "w") as afile:
+ afile.write(signed_data.decode())
+ #+end_src
+
+ In spite of the appearance of a clear-signed message, the data
+ handled by GPGME in signing it must still be byte literals.
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ with open("/path/to/statement.txt", "rb") as tfile:
+ text = tfile.read()
+
+ c = gpg.Context()
+ signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.CLEAR)
+
+ with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+ afile.write(signed_data)
+ #+end_src
+
+
+** Signature verification
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-verification
+ :END:
+
+ Essentially there are two principal methods of verification of a
+ signature. The first of these is for use with the normal or
+ default signing method and for clear-signed messages. The second is
+ for use with files and data with detached signatures.
+
+ The following example is intended for use with the default signing
+ method where the file was not ASCII armoured:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+ import time
+
+ filename = "statement.txt"
+ gpg_file = "statement.txt.gpg"
+
+ c = gpg.Context()
+
+ try:
+ data, result = c.verify(open(gpg_file))
+ verified = True
+ except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+ verified = False
+ print(e)
+
+ if verified is True:
+ for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+ sign = result.signatures[i]
+ print("""Good signature from:
+ {0}
+ with key {1}
+ made at {2}
+ """.format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid,
+ sign.fpr, time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+ else:
+ pass
+ #+end_src
+
+ Whereas this next example, which is almost identical would work
+ with normal ASCII armoured files and with clear-signed files:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+ import time
+
+ filename = "statement.txt"
+ asc_file = "statement.txt.asc"
+
+ c = gpg.Context()
+
+ try:
+ data, result = c.verify(open(asc_file))
+ verified = True
+ except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+ verified = False
+ print(e)
+
+ if verified is True:
+ for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+ sign = result.signatures[i]
+ print("""Good signature from:
+ {0}
+ with key {1}
+ made at {2}
+ """.format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid,
+ sign.fpr, time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+ else:
+ pass
+ #+end_src
+
+ In both of the previous examples it is also possible to compare the
+ original data that was signed against the signed data in =data= to
+ see if it matches with something like this:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ with open(filename, "rb") as afile:
+ text = afile.read()
+
+ if text == data:
+ print("Good signature.")
+ else:
+ pass
+ #+end_src
+
+ The following two examples, however, deal with detached signatures.
+ With his method of verification the data that was signed does not
+ get returned since it is already being explicitly referenced in the
+ first argument of =c.verify=. So =data= is =None= and only the
+ information in =result= is available.
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+ import time
+
+ filename = "statement.txt"
+ sig_file = "statement.txt.sig"
+
+ c = gpg.Context()
+
+ try:
+ data, result = c.verify(open(filename), open(sig_file))
+ verified = True
+ except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+ verified = False
+ print(e)
+
+ if verified is True:
+ for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+ sign = result.signatures[i]
+ print("""Good signature from:
+ {0}
+ with key {1}
+ made at {2}
+ """.format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid,
+ sign.fpr, time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+ else:
+ pass
+ #+end_src
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+ import time
+
+ filename = "statement.txt"
+ asc_file = "statement.txt.asc"
+
+ c = gpg.Context()
+
+ try:
+ data, result = c.verify(open(filename), open(asc_file))
+ verified = True
+ except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+ verified = False
+ print(e)
+
+ if verified is not None:
+ for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+ sign = result.signatures[i]
+ print("""Good signature from:
+ {0}
+ with key {1}
+ made at {2}
+ """.format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid,
+ sign.fpr, time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+ else:
+ pass
+ #+end_src
+
+
+* Creating keys and subkeys
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: key-generation
+ :END:
+
+ The one thing, aside from GnuPG itself, that GPGME depends on, of
+ course, is the keys themselves. So it is necessary to be able to
+ generate them and modify them by adding subkeys, revoking or
+ disabling them, sometimes deleting them and doing the same for user
+ IDs.
+
+ In the following examples a key will be created for the world's
+ greatest secret agent, Danger Mouse. Since Danger Mouse is a secret
+ agent he needs to be able to protect information to =SECRET= level
+ clearance, so his keys will be 3072-bit keys.
+
+ The pre-configured =gpg.conf= file which sets cipher, digest and
+ other preferences contains the following configuration parameters:
+
+ #+begin_src conf
+ expert
+ allow-freeform-uid
+ allow-secret-key-import
+ trust-model tofu+pgp
+ tofu-default-policy unknown
+ enable-large-rsa
+ enable-dsa2
+ # cert-digest-algo SHA256
+ cert-digest-algo SHA512
+ default-preference-list TWOFISH CAMELLIA256 AES256 CAMELLIA192 AES192 CAMELLIA128 AES BLOWFISH IDEA CAST5 3DES SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224 RIPEMD160 SHA1 ZLIB BZIP2 ZIP Uncompressed
+ personal-cipher-preferences TWOFISH CAMELLIA256 AES256 CAMELLIA192 AES192 CAMELLIA128 AES BLOWFISH IDEA CAST5 3DES
+ personal-digest-preferences SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224 RIPEMD160 SHA1
+ personal-compress-preferences ZLIB BZIP2 ZIP Uncompressed
+ #+end_src
+
+
+** Primary key
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: keygen-primary
+ :END:
+
+ Generating a primary key uses the =create_key= method in a Context.
+ It contains multiple arguments and keyword arguments, including:
+ =userid=, =algorithm=, =expires_in=, =expires=, =sign=, =encrypt=,
+ =certify=, =authenticate=, =passphrase= and =force=. The defaults
+ for all of those except =userid=, =algorithm=, =expires_in=,
+ =expires= and =passphrase= is =False=. The defaults for
+ =algorithm= and =passphrase= is =None=. The default for
+ =expires_in= is =0=. The default for =expires= is =True=. There
+ is no default for =userid=.
+
+ If =passphrase= is left as =None= then the key will not be
+ generated with a passphrase, if =passphrase= is set to a string
+ then that will be the passphrase and if =passphrase= is set to
+ =True= then gpg-agent will launch pinentry to prompt for a
+ passphrase. For the sake of convenience, these examples will keep
+ =passphrase= set to =None=.
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ c = gpg.Context()
+
+ c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+ userid = "Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>"
+
+ dmkey = c.create_key(userid, algorithm = "rsa3072", expires_in = 31536000,
+ sign = True, certify = True)
+ #+end_src
+
+ One thing to note here is the use of setting the =c.home_dir=
+ parameter. This enables generating the key or keys in a different
+ location. In this case to keep the new key data created for this
+ example in a separate location rather than adding it to existing
+ and active key store data. As with the default directory,
+ =~/.gnupg=, any temporary or separate directory needs the
+ permissions set to only permit access by the directory owner. On
+ posix systems this means setting the directory permissions to 700.
+
+ The successful generation of the key can be confirmed via the
+ returned =GenkeyResult= object, which includes the following data:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ print("""
+ Fingerprint: {0}
+ Primary Key: {1}
+ Public Key: {2}
+ Secret Key: {3}
+ Sub Key: {4}
+ User IDs: {5}
+ """.format(dmkey.fpr, dmkey.primary, dmkey.pubkey, dmkey.seckey, dmkey.sub,
+ dmkey.uid))
+ #+end_src
+
+ Alternatively the information can be confirmed using the command
+ line program:
+
+ #+begin_src shell
+ bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm -K
+ ~/.gnupg-dm/pubring.kbx
+ ----------------------
+ sec rsa3072 2018-03-15 [SC] [expires: 2019-03-15]
+ 177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA
+ uid [ultimate] Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+
+ bash-4.4$
+ #+end_src
+
+ As with generating keys manually, to preconfigure expanded
+ preferences for the cipher, digest and compression algorithms, the
+ =gpg.conf= file must contain those details in the home directory in
+ which the new key is being generated. I used a cut down version of
+ my own =gpg.conf= file in order to be able to generate this:
+
+ #+begin_src shell
+ bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm --edit-key 177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA showpref quit
+ Secret key is available.
+
+ sec rsa3072/026D2F19E99E63AA
+ created: 2018-03-15 expires: 2019-03-15 usage: SC
+ trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
+ [ultimate] (1). Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+
+ [ultimate] (1). Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+ Cipher: TWOFISH, CAMELLIA256, AES256, CAMELLIA192, AES192, CAMELLIA128, AES, BLOWFISH, IDEA, CAST5, 3DES
+ Digest: SHA512, SHA384, SHA256, SHA224, RIPEMD160, SHA1
+ Compression: ZLIB, BZIP2, ZIP, Uncompressed
+ Features: MDC, Keyserver no-modify
+
+ bash-4.4$
+ #+end_src
+
+
+** Subkeys
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: keygen-subkeys
+ :END:
+
+ Adding subkeys to a primary key is fairly similar to creating the
+ primary key with the =create_subkey= method. Most of the arguments
+ are the same, but not quite all. Instead of the =userid= argument
+ there is now a =key= argument for selecting which primary key to
+ add the subkey to.
+
+ In the following example an encryption subkey will be added to the
+ primary key. Since Danger Mouse is a security conscious secret
+ agent, this subkey will only be valid for about six months, half
+ the length of the primary key.
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ c = gpg.Context()
+ c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+
+ key = c.get_key(dmkey.fpr, secret = True)
+ dmsub = c.create_subkey(key, algorithm = "rsa3072", expires_in = 15768000,
+ encrypt = True)
+ #+end_src
+
+ As with the primary key, the results here can be checked with:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ print("""
+ Fingerprint: {0}
+ Primary Key: {1}
+ Public Key: {2}
+ Secret Key: {3}
+ Sub Key: {4}
+ User IDs: {5}
+ """.format(dmsub.fpr, dmsub.primary, dmsub.pubkey, dmsub.seckey, dmsub.sub,
+ dmsub.uid))
+ #+end_src
+
+ As well as on the command line with:
+
+ #+begin_src shell
+ bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm -K
+ ~/.gnupg-dm/pubring.kbx
+ ----------------------
+ sec rsa3072 2018-03-15 [SC] [expires: 2019-03-15]
+ 177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA
+ uid [ultimate] Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+ ssb rsa3072 2018-03-15 [E] [expires: 2018-09-13]
+
+ bash-4.4$
+ #+end_src
+
+
+** User IDs
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: keygen-uids
+ :END:
+
+ By comparison to creating primary keys and subkeys, adding a new
+ user ID to an existing key is much simpler. The method used to do
+ this is =key_add_uid= and the only arguments it takes are for the
+ =key= and the new =uid=.
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ c = gpg.Context()
+ c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+
+ dmfpr = "177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA"
+ key = c.get_key(dmfpr, secret = True)
+ uid = "Danger Mouse <danger.mouse@secret.example.net>"
+
+ c.key_add_uid(key, uid)
+ #+end_src
+
+ Unsurprisingly the result of this is:
+
+ #+begin_src shell
+ bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm -K
+ ~/.gnupg-dm/pubring.kbx
+ ----------------------
+ sec rsa3072 2018-03-15 [SC] [expires: 2019-03-15]
+ 177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA
+ uid [ultimate] Danger Mouse <danger.mouse@secret.example.net>
+ uid [ultimate] Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+ ssb rsa3072 2018-03-15 [E] [expires: 2018-09-13]
+
+ bash-4.4$
+ #+end_src
+
+
+** Key certification
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: key-sign
+ :END:
+
+ Since key certification is more frequently referred to as key
+ signing, the method used to perform this function is =key_sign=.
+
+ The =key_sign= method takes four arguments: =key=, =uids=,
+ =expires_in= and =local=. The default value of =uids= is =None=
+ and which results in all user IDs being selected. The default
+ values of =expires_in= snd =local= is =False=; which result in the
+ signature never expiring and being able to be exported.
+
+ The =key= is the key being signed rather than the key doing the
+ signing. To change the key doing the signing refer to the signing
+ key selection above for signing messages and files.
+
+ If the =uids= value is not =None= then it must either be a string
+ to match a single user ID or a list of strings to match multiple
+ user IDs. In this case the matching of those strings must be
+ precise and it is case sensitive.
+
+ To sign Danger Mouse's key for just the initial user ID with a
+ signature which will last a little over a month, do this:
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import gpg
+
+ c = gpg.Context()
+ uid = "Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>"
+
+ dmfpr = "177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA"
+ key = c.get_key(dmfpr, secret = True)
+ c.key_sign(key, uids = uid, expires_in = 2764800)
+ #+end_src
+
+
+* Miscellaneous work-arounds
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: cheats-and-hacks
+ :END:
+
+
+** Group lines
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: group-lines
+ :END:
+
+ There is not yet an easy way to access groups configured in the
+ gpg.conf file from within GPGME. As a consequence these central
+ groupings of keys cannot be shared amongst multiple programs, such
+ as MUAs readily.
+
+ The following code, however, provides a work-around for obtaining
+ this information in Python.
+
+ #+begin_src python
+ import subprocess
+
+ lines = subprocess.getoutput("gpgconf --list-options gpg").splitlines()
+
+ for i in range(len(lines)):
+ if lines[i].startswith("group") is True:
+ line = lines[i]
+ else:
+ pass
+
+ groups = line.split(":")[-1].replace('"', '').split(',')
+
+ group_lines = groups
+ for i in range(len(group_lines)):
+ group_lines[i] = group_lines[i].split("=")
+
+ group_lists = group_lines
+ for i in range(len(group_lists)):
+ group_lists[i][1] = group_lists[i][1].split()
+ #+end_src
+
+ The result of that code is that =group_lines= is a list of lists
+ where =group_lines[i][0]= is the name of the group and
+ =group_lines[i][1]= is the key IDs of the group as a string.
+
+ The =group_lists= result is very similar in that it is a list of
+ lists. The first part, =group_lists[i][0]= matches
+ =group_lines[i][0]= as the name of the group, but
+ =group_lists[i][1]= is the key IDs of the group as a string.
+
+
+* Copyright and Licensing
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: copyright-and-license
+ :END:
+
+
+** Copyright (C) The GnuPG Project, 2018
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: copyright
+ :END:
+
+ Copyright © The GnuPG Project, 2018.
+
+
+** License GPL compatible
+ :PROPERTIES:
+ :CUSTOM_ID: license
+ :END:
+
+ This file is free software; as a special exception the author gives
+ unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it, with or without
+ modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+ This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without even
+ the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ PURPOSE.
+
+
+* Footnotes
+
+[fn:1] =Short_History.org= and/or =Short_History.html=.
+
+[fn:2] The =lang/python/docs/= directory in the GPGME source.
+
+[fn:3] You probably don't really want to do this. Searching the
+keyservers for "gnupg.org" produces over 400 results, the majority of
+which aren't actually at the gnupg.org domain, but just included a
+comment regarding the project in their key somewhere.
diff --git a/web/documentation/howtos.org b/web/documentation/howtos.org
index ec81daa..2c49e29 100644
--- a/web/documentation/howtos.org
+++ b/web/documentation/howtos.org
@@ -1,131 +1,131 @@
#+TITLE: GnuPG - HOWTOs
#+STARTUP: showall
#+SETUPFILE: "../share/setup.inc"
* HOWTOs
There are several HOWTOs available.
** GnuPG MiniHOWTO
You may get the best overview about the GnuPG system by reading the
mini HOWTO available in several formats:
- as on-line browsable HTML files (
[[../howtos/ca/GPGMiniHowto.html][ca]] ·
[[../howtos/de/index.html][de]] ·
[[http://www.dewinter.com/gnupg_howto/english/GPGMiniHowto.html][en]] ·
[[http://www.dewinter.com/gnupg_howto/spanish/index.html][es]] ·
[[../howtos/fr/index.html][fr]] ·
[[../howtos/it/GPGMiniHowto.html][it]] ·
[[../howtos/tr/GPGMinikNasil.html][tr]] ·
[[../howtos/vn/index.htm][vn]] ·
[[../howtos/zh/index.html][zh]] )
- as one big HTML file (
[[../howtos/ca/GPGMiniHowto_big.html][ca]] ·
[[../howtos/it/GPGMiniHowto_big.html][it]] )
- as PDF (
[[../howtos/ca/GPGMiniHowto.pdf][ca]] ·
[[../howtos/de/GPGMiniHowto.pdf][de]] ·
[[../howtos/it/GPGMiniHowto.pdf][it]] ·
[[../howtos/vn/GPGMiniHowto.pdf][vn]] )
- in postscript format (
[[../howtos/ca/GPGMiniHowto.ps][ca]] ·
[[http://www.dewinter.com/gnupg_howto/english/GPGMiniHowto.ps][en]] ·
[[../howtos/de/GPGMiniHowto.ps][de]] )
- as DVI file ( [[../howtos/ca/GPGMiniHowto.dvi][ca]] )
- in RTF format ( [[../howtos/ca/GPGMiniHowto.rtf][ca]] )
- as plain text (
[[../howtos/ca/GPGMiniHowto.txt][ca]] ·
[[http://www.dewinter.com/gnupg_howto/english/GPGMiniHowto.txt][en]] ·
[[../howtos/it/GPGMiniHowto.txt][it]] )
- as SGML (
[[../howtos/ca/GPGMiniHowto.sgml][ca]] ·
[[../howtos/de/GPGMiniHowto.sgml][de]] ·
[[http://www.dewinter.com/gnupg_howto/english/GPGMiniHowto.sgml][en]] ·
[[../howtos/it/GPGMiniHowto.sgml][it]] ·
[[../howtos/tr/GPGMinikNasil.sgml.gz][tr]] )
- as gzipped tarball of them all ( [[../howtos/ca/GPGMiniHowto.tar.gz][ca]] )
** GnuPG SmartcardHOWTO
GnuPG supports the use of smartcards. This HOWTO explains how to
install and work with these cards.
- as on-line browsable HTML files ( [[../howtos/card-howto/en/smartcard-howto.html][en]] )
- as one big HTML file ( [[../howtos/card-howto/en/smartcard-howto-single.html][en]] )
- as plain text ( [[../howtos/card-howto/en/smartcard-howto.txt][en]] )
This smartcard howto is also available in the [[../download/git.org][source repository]].
** GnuPG Keysigning Party HOWTO
Once you get familiar with GnuPG's mechanisms, you surely wouldn't
miss one of its funnest (and useful) aspects: to meet your Internet
buddies and get your key signed by as many of them as possible.
But having to check tens or even hundreds of keys at a meeting may
become quite frustrating. Here it is where this HOWTO by V. Alex
Brennen comes in handy. It is a guide to understanding and
organizing a PGP keysigning party. Keysigning parties help build
and strengthen the web of trust which serves to make the use of
GnuPG more secure.
This HOWTO is available:
- as an on-line browsable set of HTML files (
[[http://www.cryptnet.net/fdp/crypto/gpg-party/gpg-party.de.html][de]] ·
[[http://www.cryptnet.net/fdp/crypto/keysigning_party/en/keysigning_party.html][en]] ·
[[../howtos/es/gpg-party.html][es]] ·
[[../howtos/it/keysigning_party.html][it]] ·
[[http://www.cypherpunks.ru/KSP.html][ru]] ·
[[http://www.cryptnet.net/fdp/crypto/gpg-party/gpg-party.si.html][si]] ·
[[http://www.cryptnet.net/fdp/crypto/gpg-party/gpg-party.zh-TW.html.big5][zh-TW.big5]] ·
[[http://www.cryptnet.net/fdp/crypto/gpg-party/gpg-party.zh-TW.html.euc-tw][zh-TW.euc-tw]] )
** Mutt-GnuPG HOWTO
Firstly, because everyone should be using encryption and signatures
in their email. Secondly, because there are absolutely no reason
for you not to be using PGP-compatible software. Thirdly, because
documentation is mostly geared toward someone who is already
familiar with PGP. Fourtly, because we like to promote both GnuPG
and Mutt as free software project, for use in everyday
communications. Lastly, because Justin R. Miller likes writing
tutorials.
For all these reasons, you can find below a link to Justin's HOWTO
on how to send and receive cryptographically signed and/or
encrypted email with GnuPG and the [[http://www.mutt.org/][Mutt mail reader]].
This HOWTO is available:
- as plain text ( [[http://codesorcery.net/old/mutt/][en]] )
** PHP-GnuPG HOWTO
With the preponderance of javascript based OpenPGP solutions to
various functions on the web, the desire to perform certain types
of server side functions on a PHP driven website also has its
merits.
While PHP support for GPGME is either lacking, or too arcane for
most developers to decipher, or both; Piotr Masełkowski at
[[https://maslosoft.com/][Maslosoft]] has an alternative guide using the CLI programs.
This HOWTO is available:
- as an online HTML article ( [[https://maslosoft.com/blog/2017/09/12/using-gpg-with-php-on-server/][en]] )
** GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO
Written "in house" by the GnuPG Project core team, the GPGME Python
Bindings HOWTO provides detailed instructions and examples for
using the Python bindings of the GPGME API with Python 3 code.
This HOWTO is available:
- in its original Emacs Org Mode source form in the GPGME repository ( [[https://dev.gnupg.org/source/gpgme/browse/master/lang/python/docs/GPGMEpythonHOWTOen.org][en]] )
- - as an online HTML file ( [[../howtos/en/GPGMEpythonHOWTOen.html][en]] )
+ - as an online HTML file ( [[GPGMEpythonHOWTOen.html][en]] )

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