diff --git a/agent/command.c b/agent/command.c index 34852151e..2844a9e64 100644 --- a/agent/command.c +++ b/agent/command.c @@ -1,3558 +1,3564 @@ /* command.c - gpg-agent command handler * Copyright (C) 2001-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. * Copyright (C) 2001-2013 Werner Koch * Copyright (C) 2015 g10 Code GmbH. * * This file is part of GnuPG. * * GnuPG is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * GnuPG is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, see . */ /* FIXME: we should not use the default assuan buffering but setup some buffering in secure mempory to protect session keys etc. */ #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include "agent.h" #include #include "../common/i18n.h" #include "cvt-openpgp.h" #include "../common/ssh-utils.h" #include "../common/asshelp.h" #include "../common/server-help.h" /* Maximum allowed size of the inquired ciphertext. */ #define MAXLEN_CIPHERTEXT 4096 /* Maximum allowed size of the key parameters. */ #define MAXLEN_KEYPARAM 1024 /* Maximum allowed size of key data as used in inquiries (bytes). */ #define MAXLEN_KEYDATA 8192 /* The size of the import/export KEK key (in bytes). */ #define KEYWRAP_KEYSIZE (128/8) /* A shortcut to call assuan_set_error using an gpg_err_code_t and a text string. */ #define set_error(e,t) assuan_set_error (ctx, gpg_error (e), (t)) /* Check that the maximum digest length we support has at least the length of the keygrip. */ #if MAX_DIGEST_LEN < 20 #error MAX_DIGEST_LEN shorter than keygrip #endif /* Data used to associate an Assuan context with local server data. This is this modules local part of the server_control_s struct. */ struct server_local_s { /* Our Assuan context. */ assuan_context_t assuan_ctx; /* If this flag is true, the passphrase cache is used for signing operations. It defaults to true but may be set on a per connection base. The global option opt.ignore_cache_for_signing takes precedence over this flag. */ unsigned int use_cache_for_signing : 1; /* Flag to suppress I/O logging during a command. */ unsigned int pause_io_logging : 1; /* Flag indicating that the connection is from ourselves. */ unsigned int connect_from_self : 1; /* Helper flag for io_monitor to allow suppressing of our own * greeting in some cases. See io_monitor for details. */ unsigned int greeting_seen : 1; /* If this flag is set to true the agent will be terminated after the end of the current session. */ unsigned int stopme : 1; /* Flag indicating whether pinentry notifications shall be done. */ unsigned int allow_pinentry_notify : 1; /* An allocated description for the next key operation. This is used if a pinnetry needs to be popped up. */ char *keydesc; /* Malloced KEK (Key-Encryption-Key) for the import_key command. */ void *import_key; /* Malloced KEK for the export_key command. */ void *export_key; /* Client is aware of the error code GPG_ERR_FULLY_CANCELED. */ int allow_fully_canceled; /* Last CACHE_NONCE sent as status (malloced). */ char *last_cache_nonce; /* Last PASSWD_NONCE sent as status (malloced). */ char *last_passwd_nonce; }; /* An entry for the getval/putval commands. */ struct putval_item_s { struct putval_item_s *next; size_t off; /* Offset to the value into DATA. */ size_t len; /* Length of the value. */ char d[1]; /* Key | Nul | value. */ }; /* A list of key value pairs fpr the getval/putval commands. */ static struct putval_item_s *putval_list; /* To help polling clients, we keep track of the number of certain events. This structure keeps those counters. The counters are integers and there should be no problem if they are overflowing as callers need to check only whether a counter changed. The actual values are not meaningful. */ struct { /* Incremented if any of the other counters below changed. */ unsigned int any; /* Incremented if a key is added or removed from the internal privat key database. */ unsigned int key; /* Incremented if a change of the card readers stati has been detected. */ unsigned int card; } eventcounter; /* Local prototypes. */ static int command_has_option (const char *cmd, const char *cmdopt); /* Release the memory buffer MB but first wipe out the used memory. */ static void clear_outbuf (membuf_t *mb) { void *p; size_t n; p = get_membuf (mb, &n); if (p) { wipememory (p, n); xfree (p); } } /* Write the content of memory buffer MB as assuan data to CTX and wipe the buffer out afterwards. */ static gpg_error_t write_and_clear_outbuf (assuan_context_t ctx, membuf_t *mb) { gpg_error_t ae; void *p; size_t n; p = get_membuf (mb, &n); if (!p) return out_of_core (); ae = assuan_send_data (ctx, p, n); memset (p, 0, n); xfree (p); return ae; } /* Clear the nonces used to enable the passphrase cache for certain multi-command command sequences. */ static void clear_nonce_cache (ctrl_t ctrl) { if (ctrl->server_local->last_cache_nonce) { agent_put_cache (ctrl, ctrl->server_local->last_cache_nonce, CACHE_MODE_NONCE, NULL, 0); xfree (ctrl->server_local->last_cache_nonce); ctrl->server_local->last_cache_nonce = NULL; } if (ctrl->server_local->last_passwd_nonce) { agent_put_cache (ctrl, ctrl->server_local->last_passwd_nonce, CACHE_MODE_NONCE, NULL, 0); xfree (ctrl->server_local->last_passwd_nonce); ctrl->server_local->last_passwd_nonce = NULL; } } /* This function is called by Libassuan whenever the client sends a reset. It has been registered similar to the other Assuan commands. */ static gpg_error_t reset_notify (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); (void) line; memset (ctrl->keygrip, 0, 20); ctrl->have_keygrip = 0; ctrl->digest.valuelen = 0; xfree (ctrl->server_local->keydesc); ctrl->server_local->keydesc = NULL; clear_nonce_cache (ctrl); return 0; } /* Replace all '+' by a blank in the string S. */ static void plus_to_blank (char *s) { for (; *s; s++) { if (*s == '+') *s = ' '; } } /* Parse a hex string. Return an Assuan error code or 0 on success and the length of the parsed string in LEN. */ static int parse_hexstring (assuan_context_t ctx, const char *string, size_t *len) { const char *p; size_t n; /* parse the hash value */ for (p=string, n=0; hexdigitp (p); p++, n++) ; if (*p != ' ' && *p != '\t' && *p) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "invalid hexstring"); if ((n&1)) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "odd number of digits"); *len = n; return 0; } /* Parse the keygrip in STRING into the provided buffer BUF. BUF must provide space for 20 bytes. BUF is not changed if the function returns an error. */ static int parse_keygrip (assuan_context_t ctx, const char *string, unsigned char *buf) { int rc; size_t n = 0; rc = parse_hexstring (ctx, string, &n); if (rc) return rc; n /= 2; if (n != 20) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "invalid length of keygrip"); if (hex2bin (string, buf, 20) < 0) return set_error (GPG_ERR_BUG, "hex2bin"); return 0; } /* Write an Assuan status line. KEYWORD is the first item on the * status line. The following arguments are all separated by a space * in the output. The last argument must be a NULL. Linefeeds and * carriage returns characters (which are not allowed in an Assuan * status line) are silently quoted in C-style. */ gpg_error_t agent_write_status (ctrl_t ctrl, const char *keyword, ...) { gpg_error_t err; va_list arg_ptr; assuan_context_t ctx = ctrl->server_local->assuan_ctx; va_start (arg_ptr, keyword); err = vprint_assuan_status_strings (ctx, keyword, arg_ptr); va_end (arg_ptr); return err; } /* This function is similar to print_assuan_status but takes a CTRL arg instead of an assuan context as first argument. */ gpg_error_t agent_print_status (ctrl_t ctrl, const char *keyword, const char *format, ...) { gpg_error_t err; va_list arg_ptr; assuan_context_t ctx = ctrl->server_local->assuan_ctx; va_start (arg_ptr, format); err = vprint_assuan_status (ctx, keyword, format, arg_ptr); va_end (arg_ptr); return err; } /* Helper to notify the client about a launched Pinentry. Because that might disturb some older clients, this is only done if enabled via an option. Returns an gpg error code. */ gpg_error_t agent_inq_pinentry_launched (ctrl_t ctrl, unsigned long pid, const char *extra) { char line[256]; if (!ctrl || !ctrl->server_local || !ctrl->server_local->allow_pinentry_notify) return 0; snprintf (line, DIM(line), "PINENTRY_LAUNCHED %lu%s%s", pid, extra?" ":"", extra? extra:""); return assuan_inquire (ctrl->server_local->assuan_ctx, line, NULL, NULL, 0); } /* An agent progress callback for Libgcrypt. This has been registered * to be called via the progress dispatcher mechanism from * gpg-agent.c */ static void progress_cb (ctrl_t ctrl, const char *what, int printchar, int current, int total) { if (!ctrl || !ctrl->server_local || !ctrl->server_local->assuan_ctx) ; else if (printchar == '\n' && what && !strcmp (what, "primegen")) agent_print_status (ctrl, "PROGRESS", "%.20s X 100 100", what); else agent_print_status (ctrl, "PROGRESS", "%.20s %c %d %d", what, printchar=='\n'?'X':printchar, current, total); } /* Helper to print a message while leaving a command. Note that this * function does not call assuan_set_error; the caller may do this * prior to calling us. */ static gpg_error_t leave_cmd (assuan_context_t ctx, gpg_error_t err) { if (err) { const char *name = assuan_get_command_name (ctx); if (!name) name = "?"; /* Not all users of gpg-agent know about the fully canceled error code; map it back if needed. */ if (gpg_err_code (err) == GPG_ERR_FULLY_CANCELED) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); if (!ctrl->server_local->allow_fully_canceled) err = gpg_err_make (gpg_err_source (err), GPG_ERR_CANCELED); } /* Most code from common/ does not know the error source, thus we fix this here. */ if (gpg_err_source (err) == GPG_ERR_SOURCE_UNKNOWN) err = gpg_err_make (GPG_ERR_SOURCE_DEFAULT, gpg_err_code (err)); if (gpg_err_source (err) == GPG_ERR_SOURCE_DEFAULT) log_error ("command '%s' failed: %s\n", name, gpg_strerror (err)); else log_error ("command '%s' failed: %s <%s>\n", name, gpg_strerror (err), gpg_strsource (err)); } return err; } static const char hlp_geteventcounter[] = "GETEVENTCOUNTER\n" "\n" "Return a status line named EVENTCOUNTER with the current values\n" "of all event counters. The values are decimal numbers in the range\n" "0 to UINT_MAX and wrapping around to 0. The actual values should\n" "not be relied upon, they shall only be used to detect a change.\n" "\n" "The currently defined counters are:\n" "\n" "ANY - Incremented with any change of any of the other counters.\n" "KEY - Incremented for added or removed private keys.\n" "CARD - Incremented for changes of the card readers stati."; static gpg_error_t cmd_geteventcounter (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); (void)line; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); return agent_print_status (ctrl, "EVENTCOUNTER", "%u %u %u", eventcounter.any, eventcounter.key, eventcounter.card); } /* This function should be called once for all key removals or additions. This function is assured not to do any context switches. */ void bump_key_eventcounter (void) { eventcounter.key++; eventcounter.any++; } /* This function should be called for all card reader status changes. This function is assured not to do any context switches. */ void bump_card_eventcounter (void) { eventcounter.card++; eventcounter.any++; } static const char hlp_istrusted[] = "ISTRUSTED \n" "\n" "Return OK when we have an entry with this fingerprint in our\n" "trustlist"; static gpg_error_t cmd_istrusted (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); int rc, n, i; char *p; char fpr[41]; /* Parse the fingerprint value. */ for (p=line,n=0; hexdigitp (p); p++, n++) ; if (*p || !(n == 40 || n == 32)) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "invalid fingerprint"); i = 0; if (n==32) { strcpy (fpr, "00000000"); i += 8; } for (p=line; i < 40; p++, i++) fpr[i] = *p >= 'a'? (*p & 0xdf): *p; fpr[i] = 0; rc = agent_istrusted (ctrl, fpr, NULL); if (!rc || gpg_err_code (rc) == GPG_ERR_NOT_TRUSTED) return rc; else if (rc == -1 || gpg_err_code (rc) == GPG_ERR_EOF ) return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_NOT_TRUSTED); else return leave_cmd (ctx, rc); } static const char hlp_listtrusted[] = "LISTTRUSTED\n" "\n" "List all entries from the trustlist."; static gpg_error_t cmd_listtrusted (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); int rc; (void)line; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); rc = agent_listtrusted (ctx); return leave_cmd (ctx, rc); } static const char hlp_martrusted[] = "MARKTRUSTED \n" "\n" "Store a new key in into the trustlist."; static gpg_error_t cmd_marktrusted (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); int rc, n, i; char *p; char fpr[41]; int flag; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); /* parse the fingerprint value */ for (p=line,n=0; hexdigitp (p); p++, n++) ; if (!spacep (p) || !(n == 40 || n == 32)) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "invalid fingerprint"); i = 0; if (n==32) { strcpy (fpr, "00000000"); i += 8; } for (p=line; i < 40; p++, i++) fpr[i] = *p >= 'a'? (*p & 0xdf): *p; fpr[i] = 0; while (spacep (p)) p++; flag = *p++; if ( (flag != 'S' && flag != 'P') || !spacep (p) ) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "invalid flag - must be P or S"); while (spacep (p)) p++; rc = agent_marktrusted (ctrl, p, fpr, flag); return leave_cmd (ctx, rc); } static const char hlp_havekey[] = "HAVEKEY \n" "\n" "Return success if at least one of the secret keys with the given\n" "keygrips is available."; static gpg_error_t cmd_havekey (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { gpg_error_t err; unsigned char buf[20]; do { err = parse_keygrip (ctx, line, buf); if (err) return err; if (!agent_key_available (buf)) return 0; /* Found. */ while (*line && *line != ' ' && *line != '\t') line++; while (*line == ' ' || *line == '\t') line++; } while (*line); /* No leave_cmd() here because errors are expected and would clutter the log. */ return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_NO_SECKEY); } static const char hlp_sigkey[] = "SIGKEY \n" "SETKEY \n" "\n" "Set the key used for a sign or decrypt operation."; static gpg_error_t cmd_sigkey (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { int rc; ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); rc = parse_keygrip (ctx, line, ctrl->keygrip); if (rc) return rc; ctrl->have_keygrip = 1; return 0; } static const char hlp_setkeydesc[] = "SETKEYDESC plus_percent_escaped_string\n" "\n" "Set a description to be used for the next PKSIGN, PKDECRYPT, IMPORT_KEY\n" "or EXPORT_KEY operation if this operation requires a passphrase. If\n" "this command is not used a default text will be used. Note, that\n" "this description implictly selects the label used for the entry\n" "box; if the string contains the string PIN (which in general will\n" "not be translated), \"PIN\" is used, otherwise the translation of\n" "\"passphrase\" is used. The description string should not contain\n" "blanks unless they are percent or '+' escaped.\n" "\n" "The description is only valid for the next PKSIGN, PKDECRYPT,\n" "IMPORT_KEY, EXPORT_KEY, or DELETE_KEY operation."; static gpg_error_t cmd_setkeydesc (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); char *desc, *p; for (p=line; *p == ' '; p++) ; desc = p; p = strchr (desc, ' '); if (p) *p = 0; /* We ignore any garbage; we might late use it for other args. */ if (!*desc) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "no description given"); /* Note, that we only need to replace the + characters and should leave the other escaping in place because the escaped string is send verbatim to the pinentry which does the unescaping (but not the + replacing) */ plus_to_blank (desc); xfree (ctrl->server_local->keydesc); if (ctrl->restricted) { ctrl->server_local->keydesc = strconcat ((ctrl->restricted == 2 ? _("Note: Request from the web browser.") : _("Note: Request from a remote site.") ), "%0A%0A", desc, NULL); } else ctrl->server_local->keydesc = xtrystrdup (desc); if (!ctrl->server_local->keydesc) return out_of_core (); return 0; } static const char hlp_sethash[] = "SETHASH (--hash=)|() \n" "\n" "The client can use this command to tell the server about the data\n" "(which usually is a hash) to be signed."; static gpg_error_t cmd_sethash (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { int rc; size_t n; char *p; ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); unsigned char *buf; char *endp; int algo; /* Parse the alternative hash options which may be used instead of the algo number. */ if (has_option_name (line, "--hash")) { if (has_option (line, "--hash=sha1")) algo = GCRY_MD_SHA1; else if (has_option (line, "--hash=sha224")) algo = GCRY_MD_SHA224; else if (has_option (line, "--hash=sha256")) algo = GCRY_MD_SHA256; else if (has_option (line, "--hash=sha384")) algo = GCRY_MD_SHA384; else if (has_option (line, "--hash=sha512")) algo = GCRY_MD_SHA512; else if (has_option (line, "--hash=rmd160")) algo = GCRY_MD_RMD160; else if (has_option (line, "--hash=md5")) algo = GCRY_MD_MD5; else if (has_option (line, "--hash=tls-md5sha1")) algo = MD_USER_TLS_MD5SHA1; else return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "invalid hash algorithm"); } else algo = 0; line = skip_options (line); if (!algo) { /* No hash option has been given: require an algo number instead */ algo = (int)strtoul (line, &endp, 10); for (line = endp; *line == ' ' || *line == '\t'; line++) ; if (!algo || gcry_md_test_algo (algo)) return set_error (GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM, NULL); } ctrl->digest.algo = algo; ctrl->digest.raw_value = 0; /* Parse the hash value. */ n = 0; rc = parse_hexstring (ctx, line, &n); if (rc) return rc; n /= 2; if (algo == MD_USER_TLS_MD5SHA1 && n == 36) ; else if (n != 16 && n != 20 && n != 24 && n != 28 && n != 32 && n != 48 && n != 64) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "unsupported length of hash"); if (n > MAX_DIGEST_LEN) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "hash value to long"); buf = ctrl->digest.value; ctrl->digest.valuelen = n; for (p=line, n=0; n < ctrl->digest.valuelen; p += 2, n++) buf[n] = xtoi_2 (p); for (; n < ctrl->digest.valuelen; n++) buf[n] = 0; return 0; } static const char hlp_pksign[] = "PKSIGN [] []\n" "\n" "Perform the actual sign operation. Neither input nor output are\n" "sensitive to eavesdropping."; static gpg_error_t cmd_pksign (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { gpg_error_t err; cache_mode_t cache_mode = CACHE_MODE_NORMAL; ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); membuf_t outbuf; char *cache_nonce = NULL; char *p; line = skip_options (line); for (p=line; *p && *p != ' ' && *p != '\t'; p++) ; *p = '\0'; if (*line) cache_nonce = xtrystrdup (line); if (opt.ignore_cache_for_signing) cache_mode = CACHE_MODE_IGNORE; else if (!ctrl->server_local->use_cache_for_signing) cache_mode = CACHE_MODE_IGNORE; init_membuf (&outbuf, 512); err = agent_pksign (ctrl, cache_nonce, ctrl->server_local->keydesc, &outbuf, cache_mode); if (err) clear_outbuf (&outbuf); else err = write_and_clear_outbuf (ctx, &outbuf); xfree (cache_nonce); xfree (ctrl->server_local->keydesc); ctrl->server_local->keydesc = NULL; return leave_cmd (ctx, err); } static const char hlp_pkdecrypt[] = "PKDECRYPT []\n" "\n" "Perform the actual decrypt operation. Input is not\n" "sensitive to eavesdropping."; static gpg_error_t cmd_pkdecrypt (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { int rc; ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); unsigned char *value; size_t valuelen; membuf_t outbuf; int padding; (void)line; /* First inquire the data to decrypt */ rc = print_assuan_status (ctx, "INQUIRE_MAXLEN", "%u", MAXLEN_CIPHERTEXT); if (!rc) rc = assuan_inquire (ctx, "CIPHERTEXT", &value, &valuelen, MAXLEN_CIPHERTEXT); if (rc) return rc; init_membuf (&outbuf, 512); rc = agent_pkdecrypt (ctrl, ctrl->server_local->keydesc, value, valuelen, &outbuf, &padding); xfree (value); if (rc) clear_outbuf (&outbuf); else { if (padding != -1) rc = print_assuan_status (ctx, "PADDING", "%d", padding); else rc = 0; if (!rc) rc = write_and_clear_outbuf (ctx, &outbuf); } xfree (ctrl->server_local->keydesc); ctrl->server_local->keydesc = NULL; return leave_cmd (ctx, rc); } static const char hlp_genkey[] = "GENKEY [--no-protection] [--preset] [--inq-passwd]\n" " [--passwd-nonce=] []\n" "\n" "Generate a new key, store the secret part and return the public\n" "part. Here is an example transaction:\n" "\n" " C: GENKEY\n" " S: INQUIRE KEYPARAM\n" " C: D (genkey (rsa (nbits 2048)))\n" " C: END\n" " S: D (public-key\n" " S: D (rsa (n 326487324683264) (e 10001)))\n" " S: OK key created\n" "\n" "When the --preset option is used the passphrase for the generated\n" "key will be added to the cache. When --inq-passwd is used an inquire\n" "with the keyword NEWPASSWD is used to request the passphrase for the\n" "new key. When a --passwd-nonce is used, the corresponding cached\n" "passphrase is used to protect the new key."; static gpg_error_t cmd_genkey (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); int rc; int no_protection; unsigned char *value = NULL; size_t valuelen; unsigned char *newpasswd = NULL; membuf_t outbuf; char *cache_nonce = NULL; char *passwd_nonce = NULL; int opt_preset; int opt_inq_passwd; size_t n; char *p, *pend; int c; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); no_protection = has_option (line, "--no-protection"); opt_preset = has_option (line, "--preset"); opt_inq_passwd = has_option (line, "--inq-passwd"); passwd_nonce = option_value (line, "--passwd-nonce"); if (passwd_nonce) { for (pend = passwd_nonce; *pend && !spacep (pend); pend++) ; c = *pend; *pend = '\0'; passwd_nonce = xtrystrdup (passwd_nonce); *pend = c; if (!passwd_nonce) { rc = gpg_error_from_syserror (); goto leave; } } line = skip_options (line); for (p=line; *p && *p != ' ' && *p != '\t'; p++) ; *p = '\0'; if (*line) cache_nonce = xtrystrdup (line); /* First inquire the parameters */ rc = print_assuan_status (ctx, "INQUIRE_MAXLEN", "%u", MAXLEN_KEYPARAM); if (!rc) rc = assuan_inquire (ctx, "KEYPARAM", &value, &valuelen, MAXLEN_KEYPARAM); if (rc) return rc; init_membuf (&outbuf, 512); /* If requested, ask for the password to be used for the key. If this is not used the regular Pinentry mechanism is used. */ if (opt_inq_passwd && !no_protection) { /* (N is used as a dummy) */ assuan_begin_confidential (ctx); rc = assuan_inquire (ctx, "NEWPASSWD", &newpasswd, &n, 256); assuan_end_confidential (ctx); if (rc) goto leave; if (!*newpasswd) { /* Empty password given - switch to no-protection mode. */ xfree (newpasswd); newpasswd = NULL; no_protection = 1; } } else if (passwd_nonce) newpasswd = agent_get_cache (ctrl, passwd_nonce, CACHE_MODE_NONCE); rc = agent_genkey (ctrl, cache_nonce, (char*)value, valuelen, no_protection, newpasswd, opt_preset, &outbuf); leave: if (newpasswd) { /* Assuan_inquire does not allow us to read into secure memory thus we need to wipe it ourself. */ wipememory (newpasswd, strlen (newpasswd)); xfree (newpasswd); } xfree (value); if (rc) clear_outbuf (&outbuf); else rc = write_and_clear_outbuf (ctx, &outbuf); xfree (cache_nonce); xfree (passwd_nonce); return leave_cmd (ctx, rc); } static const char hlp_readkey[] = "READKEY \n" " --card \n" "\n" "Return the public key for the given keygrip or keyid.\n" "With --card, private key file with card information will be created."; static gpg_error_t cmd_readkey (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); int rc; unsigned char grip[20]; gcry_sexp_t s_pkey = NULL; unsigned char *pkbuf = NULL; char *serialno = NULL; size_t pkbuflen; const char *opt_card; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); opt_card = has_option_name (line, "--card"); line = skip_options (line); if (opt_card) { const char *keyid = opt_card; rc = agent_card_getattr (ctrl, "SERIALNO", &serialno); if (rc) { log_error (_("error getting serial number of card: %s\n"), gpg_strerror (rc)); goto leave; } rc = agent_card_readkey (ctrl, keyid, &pkbuf); if (rc) goto leave; pkbuflen = gcry_sexp_canon_len (pkbuf, 0, NULL, NULL); rc = gcry_sexp_sscan (&s_pkey, NULL, (char*)pkbuf, pkbuflen); if (rc) goto leave; if (!gcry_pk_get_keygrip (s_pkey, grip)) { rc = gcry_pk_testkey (s_pkey); if (rc == 0) rc = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INTERNAL); goto leave; } rc = agent_write_shadow_key (grip, serialno, keyid, pkbuf, 0); if (rc) goto leave; rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, pkbuf, pkbuflen); } else { rc = parse_keygrip (ctx, line, grip); if (rc) goto leave; rc = agent_public_key_from_file (ctrl, grip, &s_pkey); if (!rc) { pkbuflen = gcry_sexp_sprint (s_pkey, GCRYSEXP_FMT_CANON, NULL, 0); log_assert (pkbuflen); pkbuf = xtrymalloc (pkbuflen); if (!pkbuf) rc = gpg_error_from_syserror (); else { pkbuflen = gcry_sexp_sprint (s_pkey, GCRYSEXP_FMT_CANON, pkbuf, pkbuflen); rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, pkbuf, pkbuflen); } } } leave: xfree (serialno); xfree (pkbuf); gcry_sexp_release (s_pkey); return leave_cmd (ctx, rc); } static const char hlp_keyinfo[] = "KEYINFO [--[ssh-]list] [--data] [--ssh-fpr[=algo]] [--with-ssh] \n" "\n" "Return information about the key specified by the KEYGRIP. If the\n" "key is not available GPG_ERR_NOT_FOUND is returned. If the option\n" "--list is given the keygrip is ignored and information about all\n" "available keys are returned. If --ssh-list is given information\n" "about all keys listed in the sshcontrol are returned. With --with-ssh\n" "information from sshcontrol is always added to the info. Unless --data\n" "is given, the information is returned as a status line using the format:\n" "\n" " KEYINFO \n" "\n" "KEYGRIP is the keygrip.\n" "\n" "TYPE is describes the type of the key:\n" " 'D' - Regular key stored on disk,\n" " 'T' - Key is stored on a smartcard (token),\n" " 'X' - Unknown type,\n" " '-' - Key is missing.\n" "\n" "SERIALNO is an ASCII string with the serial number of the\n" " smartcard. If the serial number is not known a single\n" " dash '-' is used instead.\n" "\n" "IDSTR is the IDSTR used to distinguish keys on a smartcard. If it\n" " is not known a dash is used instead.\n" "\n" "CACHED is 1 if the passphrase for the key was found in the key cache.\n" " If not, a '-' is used instead.\n" "\n" "PROTECTION describes the key protection type:\n" " 'P' - The key is protected with a passphrase,\n" " 'C' - The key is not protected,\n" " '-' - Unknown protection.\n" "\n" "FPR returns the formatted ssh-style fingerprint of the key. It is only\n" " printed if the option --ssh-fpr has been used. If ALGO is not given\n" " to that option the default ssh fingerprint algo is used. Without the\n" " option a '-' is printed.\n" "\n" "TTL is the TTL in seconds for that key or '-' if n/a.\n" "\n" "FLAGS is a word consisting of one-letter flags:\n" " 'D' - The key has been disabled,\n" " 'S' - The key is listed in sshcontrol (requires --with-ssh),\n" " 'c' - Use of the key needs to be confirmed,\n" " '-' - No flags given.\n" "\n" "More information may be added in the future."; static gpg_error_t do_one_keyinfo (ctrl_t ctrl, const unsigned char *grip, assuan_context_t ctx, int data, int with_ssh_fpr, int in_ssh, int ttl, int disabled, int confirm) { gpg_error_t err; char hexgrip[40+1]; char *fpr = NULL; int keytype; unsigned char *shadow_info = NULL; char *serialno = NULL; char *idstr = NULL; const char *keytypestr; const char *cached; const char *protectionstr; char *pw; int missing_key = 0; char ttlbuf[20]; char flagsbuf[5]; err = agent_key_info_from_file (ctrl, grip, &keytype, &shadow_info); if (err) { if (in_ssh && gpg_err_code (err) == GPG_ERR_NOT_FOUND) missing_key = 1; else goto leave; } /* Reformat the grip so that we use uppercase as good style. */ bin2hex (grip, 20, hexgrip); if (ttl > 0) snprintf (ttlbuf, sizeof ttlbuf, "%d", ttl); else strcpy (ttlbuf, "-"); *flagsbuf = 0; if (disabled) strcat (flagsbuf, "D"); if (in_ssh) strcat (flagsbuf, "S"); if (confirm) strcat (flagsbuf, "c"); if (!*flagsbuf) strcpy (flagsbuf, "-"); if (missing_key) { protectionstr = "-"; keytypestr = "-"; } else { switch (keytype) { case PRIVATE_KEY_CLEAR: case PRIVATE_KEY_OPENPGP_NONE: protectionstr = "C"; keytypestr = "D"; break; case PRIVATE_KEY_PROTECTED: protectionstr = "P"; keytypestr = "D"; break; case PRIVATE_KEY_SHADOWED: protectionstr = "-"; keytypestr = "T"; break; default: protectionstr = "-"; keytypestr = "X"; break; } } /* Compute the ssh fingerprint if requested. */ if (with_ssh_fpr) { gcry_sexp_t key; if (!agent_raw_key_from_file (ctrl, grip, &key)) { ssh_get_fingerprint_string (key, with_ssh_fpr, &fpr); gcry_sexp_release (key); } } /* Here we have a little race by doing the cache check separately from the retrieval function. Given that the cache flag is only a hint, it should not really matter. */ pw = agent_get_cache (ctrl, hexgrip, CACHE_MODE_NORMAL); cached = pw ? "1" : "-"; xfree (pw); if (shadow_info) { err = parse_shadow_info (shadow_info, &serialno, &idstr, NULL); if (err) goto leave; } if (!data) err = agent_write_status (ctrl, "KEYINFO", hexgrip, keytypestr, serialno? serialno : "-", idstr? idstr : "-", cached, protectionstr, fpr? fpr : "-", ttlbuf, flagsbuf, NULL); else { char *string; string = xtryasprintf ("%s %s %s %s %s %s %s %s %s\n", hexgrip, keytypestr, serialno? serialno : "-", idstr? idstr : "-", cached, protectionstr, fpr? fpr : "-", ttlbuf, flagsbuf); if (!string) err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); else err = assuan_send_data (ctx, string, strlen(string)); xfree (string); } leave: xfree (fpr); xfree (shadow_info); xfree (serialno); xfree (idstr); return err; } /* Entry into the command KEYINFO. This function handles the * command option processing. For details see hlp_keyinfo above. */ static gpg_error_t cmd_keyinfo (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); int err; unsigned char grip[20]; DIR *dir = NULL; int list_mode; int opt_data, opt_ssh_fpr, opt_with_ssh; ssh_control_file_t cf = NULL; char hexgrip[41]; int disabled, ttl, confirm, is_ssh; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); if (has_option (line, "--ssh-list")) list_mode = 2; else list_mode = has_option (line, "--list"); opt_data = has_option (line, "--data"); if (has_option_name (line, "--ssh-fpr")) { if (has_option (line, "--ssh-fpr=md5")) opt_ssh_fpr = GCRY_MD_MD5; else if (has_option (line, "--ssh-fpr=sha1")) opt_ssh_fpr = GCRY_MD_SHA1; else if (has_option (line, "--ssh-fpr=sha256")) opt_ssh_fpr = GCRY_MD_SHA256; else opt_ssh_fpr = opt.ssh_fingerprint_digest; } else opt_ssh_fpr = 0; opt_with_ssh = has_option (line, "--with-ssh"); line = skip_options (line); if (opt_with_ssh || list_mode == 2) cf = ssh_open_control_file (); if (list_mode == 2) { if (cf) { while (!ssh_read_control_file (cf, hexgrip, &disabled, &ttl, &confirm)) { if (hex2bin (hexgrip, grip, 20) < 0 ) continue; /* Bad hex string. */ err = do_one_keyinfo (ctrl, grip, ctx, opt_data, opt_ssh_fpr, 1, ttl, disabled, confirm); if (err) goto leave; } } err = 0; } else if (list_mode) { char *dirname; struct dirent *dir_entry; dirname = make_filename_try (gnupg_homedir (), GNUPG_PRIVATE_KEYS_DIR, NULL); if (!dirname) { err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); goto leave; } dir = opendir (dirname); if (!dir) { err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); xfree (dirname); goto leave; } xfree (dirname); while ( (dir_entry = readdir (dir)) ) { if (strlen (dir_entry->d_name) != 44 || strcmp (dir_entry->d_name + 40, ".key")) continue; strncpy (hexgrip, dir_entry->d_name, 40); hexgrip[40] = 0; if ( hex2bin (hexgrip, grip, 20) < 0 ) continue; /* Bad hex string. */ disabled = ttl = confirm = is_ssh = 0; if (opt_with_ssh) { err = ssh_search_control_file (cf, hexgrip, &disabled, &ttl, &confirm); if (!err) is_ssh = 1; else if (gpg_err_code (err) != GPG_ERR_NOT_FOUND) goto leave; } err = do_one_keyinfo (ctrl, grip, ctx, opt_data, opt_ssh_fpr, is_ssh, ttl, disabled, confirm); if (err) goto leave; } err = 0; } else { err = parse_keygrip (ctx, line, grip); if (err) goto leave; disabled = ttl = confirm = is_ssh = 0; if (opt_with_ssh) { err = ssh_search_control_file (cf, line, &disabled, &ttl, &confirm); if (!err) is_ssh = 1; else if (gpg_err_code (err) != GPG_ERR_NOT_FOUND) goto leave; } err = do_one_keyinfo (ctrl, grip, ctx, opt_data, opt_ssh_fpr, is_ssh, ttl, disabled, confirm); } leave: ssh_close_control_file (cf); if (dir) closedir (dir); if (err && gpg_err_code (err) != GPG_ERR_NOT_FOUND) leave_cmd (ctx, err); return err; } /* Helper for cmd_get_passphrase. */ static int send_back_passphrase (assuan_context_t ctx, int via_data, const char *pw) { size_t n; int rc; assuan_begin_confidential (ctx); n = strlen (pw); if (via_data) rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, pw, n); else { char *p = xtrymalloc_secure (n*2+1); if (!p) rc = gpg_error_from_syserror (); else { bin2hex (pw, n, p); rc = assuan_set_okay_line (ctx, p); xfree (p); } } return rc; } /* Callback function to compare the first entered PIN with the one currently being entered. */ static gpg_error_t reenter_passphrase_cmp_cb (struct pin_entry_info_s *pi) { const char *pin1 = pi->check_cb_arg; if (!strcmp (pin1, pi->pin)) return 0; /* okay */ return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_BAD_PASSPHRASE); } static const char hlp_get_passphrase[] = "GET_PASSPHRASE [--data] [--check] [--no-ask] [--repeat[=N]]\n" " [--qualitybar] [--newsymkey] \n" " [ ]\n" "\n" "This function is usually used to ask for a passphrase to be used\n" "for conventional encryption, but may also be used by programs which\n" "need specal handling of passphrases. This command uses a syntax\n" "which helps clients to use the agent with minimum effort. The\n" "agent either returns with an error or with a OK followed by the hex\n" "encoded passphrase. Note that the length of the strings is\n" "implicitly limited by the maximum length of a command.\n" "\n" "If the option \"--data\" is used the passphrase is returned by usual\n" "data lines and not on the okay line.\n" "\n" "If the option \"--check\" is used the passphrase constraints checks as\n" "implemented by gpg-agent are applied. A check is not done if the\n" "passphrase has been found in the cache.\n" "\n" "If the option \"--no-ask\" is used and the passphrase is not in the\n" "cache the user will not be asked to enter a passphrase but the error\n" "code GPG_ERR_NO_DATA is returned. \n" "\n" "If the option\"--newsymkey\" is used the agent asks for a new passphrase\n" "to be used in symmetric-only encryption. This must not be empty.\n" "\n" "If the option \"--qualitybar\" is used a visual indication of the\n" "entered passphrase quality is shown. (Unless no minimum passphrase\n" "length has been configured.)"; static gpg_error_t cmd_get_passphrase (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); int rc; char *pw; char *response = NULL; char *response2 = NULL; char *cacheid = NULL; /* May point into LINE. */ char *desc = NULL; /* Ditto */ char *prompt = NULL; /* Ditto */ char *errtext = NULL; /* Ditto */ const char *desc2 = _("Please re-enter this passphrase"); char *p; int opt_data, opt_check, opt_no_ask, opt_qualbar, opt_newsymkey; int opt_repeat = 0; char *entry_errtext = NULL; struct pin_entry_info_s *pi = NULL; struct pin_entry_info_s *pi2 = NULL; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); opt_data = has_option (line, "--data"); opt_check = has_option (line, "--check"); opt_no_ask = has_option (line, "--no-ask"); if (has_option_name (line, "--repeat")) { p = option_value (line, "--repeat"); if (p) opt_repeat = atoi (p); else opt_repeat = 1; } opt_qualbar = has_option (line, "--qualitybar"); opt_newsymkey = has_option (line, "--newsymkey"); line = skip_options (line); cacheid = line; p = strchr (cacheid, ' '); if (p) { *p++ = 0; while (*p == ' ') p++; errtext = p; p = strchr (errtext, ' '); if (p) { *p++ = 0; while (*p == ' ') p++; prompt = p; p = strchr (prompt, ' '); if (p) { *p++ = 0; while (*p == ' ') p++; desc = p; p = strchr (desc, ' '); if (p) *p = 0; /* Ignore trailing garbage. */ } } } if (!*cacheid || strlen (cacheid) > 50) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "invalid length of cacheID"); if (!desc) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "no description given"); if (!strcmp (cacheid, "X")) cacheid = NULL; if (!strcmp (errtext, "X")) errtext = NULL; if (!strcmp (prompt, "X")) prompt = NULL; if (!strcmp (desc, "X")) desc = NULL; pw = cacheid ? agent_get_cache (ctrl, cacheid, CACHE_MODE_USER) : NULL; if (pw) { rc = send_back_passphrase (ctx, opt_data, pw); xfree (pw); goto leave; } else if (opt_no_ask) { rc = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_NO_DATA); goto leave; } /* Note, that we only need to replace the + characters and should * leave the other escaping in place because the escaped string is * send verbatim to the pinentry which does the unescaping (but not * the + replacing) */ if (errtext) plus_to_blank (errtext); if (prompt) plus_to_blank (prompt); if (desc) plus_to_blank (desc); - if (opt_newsymkey) + /* If opt_repeat is 2 or higher we can't use our pin_entry_info_s + * based method but fallback to the old simple method. It is + * anyway questionable whether this extra repeat count makes any + * real sense. */ + if (opt_newsymkey && opt_repeat < 2) { /* We do not want to break any existing usage of this command * and thus we introduced the option --newsymkey to make this * command more useful to query the passphrase for symmetric * encryption. */ pi = gcry_calloc_secure (1, sizeof (*pi) + MAX_PASSPHRASE_LEN + 1); if (!pi) { rc = gpg_error_from_syserror (); goto leave; } pi2 = gcry_calloc_secure (1, sizeof (*pi2) + MAX_PASSPHRASE_LEN + 1); if (!pi2) { rc = gpg_error_from_syserror (); goto leave; } pi->max_length = MAX_PASSPHRASE_LEN + 1; pi->max_tries = 3; pi->with_qualitybar = opt_qualbar; pi->with_repeat = opt_repeat; pi2->max_length = MAX_PASSPHRASE_LEN + 1; pi2->max_tries = 3; pi2->check_cb = reenter_passphrase_cmp_cb; pi2->check_cb_arg = pi->pin; for (;;) /* (degenerated for-loop) */ { xfree (response); response = NULL; rc = agent_get_passphrase (ctrl, &response, desc, prompt, entry_errtext? entry_errtext:errtext, opt_qualbar, cacheid, CACHE_MODE_USER, pi); if (rc) goto leave; xfree (entry_errtext); entry_errtext = NULL; /* We don't allow an empty passpharse in this mode. */ if (check_passphrase_constraints (ctrl, pi->pin, 1, &entry_errtext)) { pi->failed_tries = 0; pi2->failed_tries = 0; continue; } if (*pi->pin && !pi->repeat_okay - && ctrl->pinentry_mode != PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK) + && ctrl->pinentry_mode != PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK + && opt_repeat) { /* The passphrase is empty and the pinentry did not * already run the repetition check, do it here. This * is only called when using an old and simple pinentry. * It is neither called in loopback mode because the - * caller does any passphrase repetition by herself. */ + * caller does any passphrase repetition by herself nor if + * no repetition was requested. */ xfree (response); response = NULL; rc = agent_get_passphrase (ctrl, &response, L_("Please re-enter this passphrase"), prompt, entry_errtext? entry_errtext:errtext, opt_qualbar, cacheid, CACHE_MODE_USER, pi2); if (gpg_err_code (rc) == GPG_ERR_BAD_PASSPHRASE) { /* The re-entered passphrase one did not match and * the user did not hit cancel. */ entry_errtext = xtrystrdup (L_("does not match - try again")); if (!entry_errtext) { rc = gpg_error_from_syserror (); goto leave; } continue; } } break; } if (!rc && *pi->pin) { /* Return the passphrase. */ if (cacheid) agent_put_cache (ctrl, cacheid, CACHE_MODE_USER, pi->pin, 0); rc = send_back_passphrase (ctx, opt_data, pi->pin); } } else { next_try: xfree (response); response = NULL; rc = agent_get_passphrase (ctrl, &response, desc, prompt, entry_errtext? entry_errtext:errtext, opt_qualbar, cacheid, CACHE_MODE_USER, NULL); xfree (entry_errtext); entry_errtext = NULL; if (!rc) { int i; if (opt_check && check_passphrase_constraints (ctrl, response,0,&entry_errtext)) { goto next_try; } for (i = 0; i < opt_repeat; i++) { if (ctrl->pinentry_mode == PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK) break; xfree (response2); response2 = NULL; rc = agent_get_passphrase (ctrl, &response2, desc2, prompt, errtext, 0, cacheid, CACHE_MODE_USER, NULL); if (rc) break; if (strcmp (response2, response)) { entry_errtext = try_percent_escape (_("does not match - try again"), NULL); if (!entry_errtext) { rc = gpg_error_from_syserror (); break; } goto next_try; } } if (!rc) { if (cacheid) agent_put_cache (ctrl, cacheid, CACHE_MODE_USER, response, 0); rc = send_back_passphrase (ctx, opt_data, response); } } } leave: xfree (response); xfree (response2); xfree (entry_errtext); xfree (pi2); xfree (pi); return leave_cmd (ctx, rc); } static const char hlp_clear_passphrase[] = "CLEAR_PASSPHRASE [--mode=normal] \n" "\n" "may be used to invalidate the cache entry for a passphrase. The\n" "function returns with OK even when there is no cached passphrase.\n" "The --mode=normal option is used to clear an entry for a cacheid\n" "added by the agent. The --mode=ssh option is used for a cacheid\n" "added for ssh.\n"; static gpg_error_t cmd_clear_passphrase (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); char *cacheid = NULL; char *p; cache_mode_t cache_mode = CACHE_MODE_USER; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); if (has_option (line, "--mode=normal")) cache_mode = CACHE_MODE_NORMAL; else if (has_option (line, "--mode=ssh")) cache_mode = CACHE_MODE_SSH; line = skip_options (line); /* parse the stuff */ for (p=line; *p == ' '; p++) ; cacheid = p; p = strchr (cacheid, ' '); if (p) *p = 0; /* ignore garbage */ if (!*cacheid || strlen (cacheid) > 50) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "invalid length of cacheID"); agent_put_cache (ctrl, cacheid, cache_mode, NULL, 0); agent_clear_passphrase (ctrl, cacheid, cache_mode); return 0; } static const char hlp_get_confirmation[] = "GET_CONFIRMATION \n" "\n" "This command may be used to ask for a simple confirmation.\n" "DESCRIPTION is displayed along with a Okay and Cancel button. This\n" "command uses a syntax which helps clients to use the agent with\n" "minimum effort. The agent either returns with an error or with a\n" "OK. Note, that the length of DESCRIPTION is implicitly limited by\n" "the maximum length of a command. DESCRIPTION should not contain\n" "any spaces, those must be encoded either percent escaped or simply\n" "as '+'."; static gpg_error_t cmd_get_confirmation (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); int rc; char *desc = NULL; char *p; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); /* parse the stuff */ for (p=line; *p == ' '; p++) ; desc = p; p = strchr (desc, ' '); if (p) *p = 0; /* We ignore any garbage -may be later used for other args. */ if (!*desc) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "no description given"); if (!strcmp (desc, "X")) desc = NULL; /* Note, that we only need to replace the + characters and should leave the other escaping in place because the escaped string is send verbatim to the pinentry which does the unescaping (but not the + replacing) */ if (desc) plus_to_blank (desc); rc = agent_get_confirmation (ctrl, desc, NULL, NULL, 0); return leave_cmd (ctx, rc); } static const char hlp_learn[] = "LEARN [--send] [--sendinfo] [--force]\n" "\n" "Learn something about the currently inserted smartcard. With\n" "--sendinfo information about the card is returned; with --send\n" "the available certificates are returned as D lines; with --force\n" "private key storage will be updated by the result."; static gpg_error_t cmd_learn (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); gpg_error_t err; int send, sendinfo, force; send = has_option (line, "--send"); sendinfo = send? 1 : has_option (line, "--sendinfo"); force = has_option (line, "--force"); if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); err = agent_handle_learn (ctrl, send, sendinfo? ctx : NULL, force); return leave_cmd (ctx, err); } static const char hlp_passwd[] = "PASSWD [--cache-nonce=] [--passwd-nonce=] [--preset]\n" " [--verify] \n" "\n" "Change the passphrase/PIN for the key identified by keygrip in LINE. If\n" "--preset is used then the new passphrase will be added to the cache.\n" "If --verify is used the command asks for the passphrase and verifies\n" "that the passphrase valid.\n"; static gpg_error_t cmd_passwd (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); gpg_error_t err; int c; char *cache_nonce = NULL; char *passwd_nonce = NULL; unsigned char grip[20]; gcry_sexp_t s_skey = NULL; unsigned char *shadow_info = NULL; char *passphrase = NULL; char *pend; int opt_preset, opt_verify; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); opt_preset = has_option (line, "--preset"); cache_nonce = option_value (line, "--cache-nonce"); opt_verify = has_option (line, "--verify"); if (cache_nonce) { for (pend = cache_nonce; *pend && !spacep (pend); pend++) ; c = *pend; *pend = '\0'; cache_nonce = xtrystrdup (cache_nonce); *pend = c; if (!cache_nonce) { err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); goto leave; } } passwd_nonce = option_value (line, "--passwd-nonce"); if (passwd_nonce) { for (pend = passwd_nonce; *pend && !spacep (pend); pend++) ; c = *pend; *pend = '\0'; passwd_nonce = xtrystrdup (passwd_nonce); *pend = c; if (!passwd_nonce) { err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); goto leave; } } line = skip_options (line); err = parse_keygrip (ctx, line, grip); if (err) goto leave; ctrl->in_passwd++; err = agent_key_from_file (ctrl, opt_verify? NULL : cache_nonce, ctrl->server_local->keydesc, grip, &shadow_info, CACHE_MODE_IGNORE, NULL, &s_skey, &passphrase); if (err) ; else if (shadow_info) { log_error ("changing a smartcard PIN is not yet supported\n"); err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED); } else if (opt_verify) { /* All done. */ if (passphrase) { if (!passwd_nonce) { char buf[12]; gcry_create_nonce (buf, 12); passwd_nonce = bin2hex (buf, 12, NULL); } if (passwd_nonce && !agent_put_cache (ctrl, passwd_nonce, CACHE_MODE_NONCE, passphrase, CACHE_TTL_NONCE)) { assuan_write_status (ctx, "PASSWD_NONCE", passwd_nonce); xfree (ctrl->server_local->last_passwd_nonce); ctrl->server_local->last_passwd_nonce = passwd_nonce; passwd_nonce = NULL; } } } else { char *newpass = NULL; if (passwd_nonce) newpass = agent_get_cache (ctrl, passwd_nonce, CACHE_MODE_NONCE); err = agent_protect_and_store (ctrl, s_skey, &newpass); if (!err && passphrase) { /* A passphrase existed on the old key and the change was successful. Return a nonce for that old passphrase to let the caller try to unprotect the other subkeys with the same key. */ if (!cache_nonce) { char buf[12]; gcry_create_nonce (buf, 12); cache_nonce = bin2hex (buf, 12, NULL); } if (cache_nonce && !agent_put_cache (ctrl, cache_nonce, CACHE_MODE_NONCE, passphrase, CACHE_TTL_NONCE)) { assuan_write_status (ctx, "CACHE_NONCE", cache_nonce); xfree (ctrl->server_local->last_cache_nonce); ctrl->server_local->last_cache_nonce = cache_nonce; cache_nonce = NULL; } if (newpass) { /* If we have a new passphrase (which might be empty) we store it under a passwd nonce so that the caller may send that nonce again to use it for another key. */ if (!passwd_nonce) { char buf[12]; gcry_create_nonce (buf, 12); passwd_nonce = bin2hex (buf, 12, NULL); } if (passwd_nonce && !agent_put_cache (ctrl, passwd_nonce, CACHE_MODE_NONCE, newpass, CACHE_TTL_NONCE)) { assuan_write_status (ctx, "PASSWD_NONCE", passwd_nonce); xfree (ctrl->server_local->last_passwd_nonce); ctrl->server_local->last_passwd_nonce = passwd_nonce; passwd_nonce = NULL; } } } if (!err && opt_preset) { char hexgrip[40+1]; bin2hex(grip, 20, hexgrip); err = agent_put_cache (ctrl, hexgrip, CACHE_MODE_ANY, newpass, ctrl->cache_ttl_opt_preset); } xfree (newpass); } ctrl->in_passwd--; xfree (ctrl->server_local->keydesc); ctrl->server_local->keydesc = NULL; leave: xfree (passphrase); gcry_sexp_release (s_skey); xfree (shadow_info); xfree (cache_nonce); xfree (passwd_nonce); return leave_cmd (ctx, err); } static const char hlp_preset_passphrase[] = "PRESET_PASSPHRASE [--inquire] []\n" "\n" "Set the cached passphrase/PIN for the key identified by the keygrip\n" "to passwd for the given time, where -1 means infinite and 0 means\n" "the default (currently only a timeout of -1 is allowed, which means\n" "to never expire it). If passwd is not provided, ask for it via the\n" "pinentry module unless --inquire is passed in which case the passphrase\n" "is retrieved from the client via a server inquire.\n"; static gpg_error_t cmd_preset_passphrase (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); int rc; char *grip_clear = NULL; unsigned char *passphrase = NULL; int ttl; size_t len; int opt_inquire; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); if (!opt.allow_preset_passphrase) return set_error (GPG_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "no --allow-preset-passphrase"); opt_inquire = has_option (line, "--inquire"); line = skip_options (line); grip_clear = line; while (*line && (*line != ' ' && *line != '\t')) line++; if (!*line) return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_MISSING_VALUE); *line = '\0'; line++; while (*line && (*line == ' ' || *line == '\t')) line++; /* Currently, only infinite timeouts are allowed. */ ttl = -1; if (line[0] != '-' || line[1] != '1') return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED); line++; line++; while (!(*line != ' ' && *line != '\t')) line++; /* Syntax check the hexstring. */ len = 0; rc = parse_hexstring (ctx, line, &len); if (rc) return rc; line[len] = '\0'; /* If there is a passphrase, use it. Currently, a passphrase is required. */ if (*line) { if (opt_inquire) { rc = set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "both --inquire and passphrase specified"); goto leave; } /* Do in-place conversion. */ passphrase = line; if (!hex2str (passphrase, passphrase, strlen (passphrase)+1, NULL)) rc = set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "invalid hexstring"); } else if (opt_inquire) { /* Note that the passphrase will be truncated at any null byte and the * limit is 480 characters. */ size_t maxlen = 480; rc = print_assuan_status (ctx, "INQUIRE_MAXLEN", "%zu", maxlen); if (!rc) rc = assuan_inquire (ctx, "PASSPHRASE", &passphrase, &len, maxlen); } else rc = set_error (GPG_ERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, "passphrase is required"); if (!rc) { rc = agent_put_cache (ctrl, grip_clear, CACHE_MODE_ANY, passphrase, ttl); if (opt_inquire) xfree (passphrase); } leave: return leave_cmd (ctx, rc); } static const char hlp_scd[] = "SCD \n" " \n" "This is a general quote command to redirect everything to the\n" "SCdaemon."; static gpg_error_t cmd_scd (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { int rc; #ifdef BUILD_WITH_SCDAEMON ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); rc = divert_generic_cmd (ctrl, line, ctx); #else (void)ctx; (void)line; rc = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED); #endif return rc; } static const char hlp_keywrap_key[] = "KEYWRAP_KEY [--clear] \n" "\n" "Return a key to wrap another key. For now the key is returned\n" "verbatim and thus makes not much sense because an eavesdropper on\n" "the gpg-agent connection will see the key as well as the wrapped key.\n" "However, this function may either be equipped with a public key\n" "mechanism or not used at all if the key is a pre-shared key. In any\n" "case wrapping the import and export of keys is a requirement for\n" "certain cryptographic validations and thus useful. The key persists\n" "until a RESET command but may be cleared using the option --clear.\n" "\n" "Supported modes are:\n" " --import - Return a key to import a key into gpg-agent\n" " --export - Return a key to export a key from gpg-agent"; static gpg_error_t cmd_keywrap_key (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); gpg_error_t err = 0; int clearopt = has_option (line, "--clear"); if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); assuan_begin_confidential (ctx); if (has_option (line, "--import")) { xfree (ctrl->server_local->import_key); if (clearopt) ctrl->server_local->import_key = NULL; else if (!(ctrl->server_local->import_key = gcry_random_bytes (KEYWRAP_KEYSIZE, GCRY_STRONG_RANDOM))) err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); else err = assuan_send_data (ctx, ctrl->server_local->import_key, KEYWRAP_KEYSIZE); } else if (has_option (line, "--export")) { xfree (ctrl->server_local->export_key); if (clearopt) ctrl->server_local->export_key = NULL; else if (!(ctrl->server_local->export_key = gcry_random_bytes (KEYWRAP_KEYSIZE, GCRY_STRONG_RANDOM))) err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); else err = assuan_send_data (ctx, ctrl->server_local->export_key, KEYWRAP_KEYSIZE); } else err = set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "unknown value for MODE"); assuan_end_confidential (ctx); return leave_cmd (ctx, err); } static const char hlp_import_key[] = "IMPORT_KEY [--unattended] [--force] []\n" "\n" "Import a secret key into the key store. The key is expected to be\n" "encrypted using the current session's key wrapping key (cf. command\n" "KEYWRAP_KEY) using the AESWRAP-128 algorithm. This function takes\n" "no arguments but uses the inquiry \"KEYDATA\" to ask for the actual\n" "key data. The unwrapped key must be a canonical S-expression. The\n" "option --unattended tries to import the key as-is without any\n" "re-encryption. Existing key can be overwritten with --force."; static gpg_error_t cmd_import_key (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); gpg_error_t err; int opt_unattended; int force; unsigned char *wrappedkey = NULL; size_t wrappedkeylen; gcry_cipher_hd_t cipherhd = NULL; unsigned char *key = NULL; size_t keylen, realkeylen; char *passphrase = NULL; unsigned char *finalkey = NULL; size_t finalkeylen; unsigned char grip[20]; gcry_sexp_t openpgp_sexp = NULL; char *cache_nonce = NULL; char *p; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); if (!ctrl->server_local->import_key) { err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_MISSING_KEY); goto leave; } opt_unattended = has_option (line, "--unattended"); force = has_option (line, "--force"); line = skip_options (line); for (p=line; *p && *p != ' ' && *p != '\t'; p++) ; *p = '\0'; if (*line) cache_nonce = xtrystrdup (line); assuan_begin_confidential (ctx); err = assuan_inquire (ctx, "KEYDATA", &wrappedkey, &wrappedkeylen, MAXLEN_KEYDATA); assuan_end_confidential (ctx); if (err) goto leave; if (wrappedkeylen < 24) { err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_LENGTH); goto leave; } keylen = wrappedkeylen - 8; key = xtrymalloc_secure (keylen); if (!key) { err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); goto leave; } err = gcry_cipher_open (&cipherhd, GCRY_CIPHER_AES128, GCRY_CIPHER_MODE_AESWRAP, 0); if (err) goto leave; err = gcry_cipher_setkey (cipherhd, ctrl->server_local->import_key, KEYWRAP_KEYSIZE); if (err) goto leave; err = gcry_cipher_decrypt (cipherhd, key, keylen, wrappedkey, wrappedkeylen); if (err) goto leave; gcry_cipher_close (cipherhd); cipherhd = NULL; xfree (wrappedkey); wrappedkey = NULL; realkeylen = gcry_sexp_canon_len (key, keylen, NULL, &err); if (!realkeylen) goto leave; /* Invalid canonical encoded S-expression. */ err = keygrip_from_canon_sexp (key, realkeylen, grip); if (err) { /* This might be due to an unsupported S-expression format. Check whether this is openpgp-private-key and trigger that import code. */ if (!gcry_sexp_sscan (&openpgp_sexp, NULL, key, realkeylen)) { const char *tag; size_t taglen; tag = gcry_sexp_nth_data (openpgp_sexp, 0, &taglen); if (tag && taglen == 19 && !memcmp (tag, "openpgp-private-key", 19)) ; else { gcry_sexp_release (openpgp_sexp); openpgp_sexp = NULL; } } if (!openpgp_sexp) goto leave; /* Note that ERR is still set. */ } if (openpgp_sexp) { /* In most cases the key is encrypted and thus the conversion function from the OpenPGP format to our internal format will ask for a passphrase. That passphrase will be returned and used to protect the key using the same code as for regular key import. */ xfree (key); key = NULL; err = convert_from_openpgp (ctrl, openpgp_sexp, force, grip, ctrl->server_local->keydesc, cache_nonce, &key, opt_unattended? NULL : &passphrase); if (err) goto leave; realkeylen = gcry_sexp_canon_len (key, 0, NULL, &err); if (!realkeylen) goto leave; /* Invalid canonical encoded S-expression. */ if (passphrase) { assert (!opt_unattended); if (!cache_nonce) { char buf[12]; gcry_create_nonce (buf, 12); cache_nonce = bin2hex (buf, 12, NULL); } if (cache_nonce && !agent_put_cache (ctrl, cache_nonce, CACHE_MODE_NONCE, passphrase, CACHE_TTL_NONCE)) assuan_write_status (ctx, "CACHE_NONCE", cache_nonce); } } else if (opt_unattended) { err = set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "\"--unattended\" may only be used with OpenPGP keys"); goto leave; } else { if (!force && !agent_key_available (grip)) err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_EEXIST); else { char *prompt = xtryasprintf (_("Please enter the passphrase to protect the " "imported object within the %s system."), GNUPG_NAME); if (!prompt) err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); else err = agent_ask_new_passphrase (ctrl, prompt, &passphrase); xfree (prompt); } if (err) goto leave; } if (passphrase) { err = agent_protect (key, passphrase, &finalkey, &finalkeylen, ctrl->s2k_count, -1); if (!err) err = agent_write_private_key (grip, finalkey, finalkeylen, force); } else err = agent_write_private_key (grip, key, realkeylen, force); leave: gcry_sexp_release (openpgp_sexp); xfree (finalkey); xfree (passphrase); xfree (key); gcry_cipher_close (cipherhd); xfree (wrappedkey); xfree (cache_nonce); xfree (ctrl->server_local->keydesc); ctrl->server_local->keydesc = NULL; return leave_cmd (ctx, err); } static const char hlp_export_key[] = "EXPORT_KEY [--cache-nonce=] [--openpgp] \n" "\n" "Export a secret key from the key store. The key will be encrypted\n" "using the current session's key wrapping key (cf. command KEYWRAP_KEY)\n" "using the AESWRAP-128 algorithm. The caller needs to retrieve that key\n" "prior to using this command. The function takes the keygrip as argument.\n" "\n" "If --openpgp is used, the secret key material will be exported in RFC 4880\n" "compatible passphrase-protected form. Without --openpgp, the secret key\n" "material will be exported in the clear (after prompting the user to unlock\n" "it, if needed).\n"; static gpg_error_t cmd_export_key (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); gpg_error_t err; unsigned char grip[20]; gcry_sexp_t s_skey = NULL; unsigned char *key = NULL; size_t keylen; gcry_cipher_hd_t cipherhd = NULL; unsigned char *wrappedkey = NULL; size_t wrappedkeylen; int openpgp; char *cache_nonce; char *passphrase = NULL; unsigned char *shadow_info = NULL; char *pend; int c; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); openpgp = has_option (line, "--openpgp"); cache_nonce = option_value (line, "--cache-nonce"); if (cache_nonce) { for (pend = cache_nonce; *pend && !spacep (pend); pend++) ; c = *pend; *pend = '\0'; cache_nonce = xtrystrdup (cache_nonce); *pend = c; if (!cache_nonce) { err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); goto leave; } } line = skip_options (line); if (!ctrl->server_local->export_key) { err = set_error (GPG_ERR_MISSING_KEY, "did you run KEYWRAP_KEY ?"); goto leave; } err = parse_keygrip (ctx, line, grip); if (err) goto leave; if (agent_key_available (grip)) { err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_NO_SECKEY); goto leave; } /* Get the key from the file. With the openpgp flag we also ask for the passphrase so that we can use it to re-encrypt it. */ err = agent_key_from_file (ctrl, cache_nonce, ctrl->server_local->keydesc, grip, &shadow_info, CACHE_MODE_IGNORE, NULL, &s_skey, openpgp ? &passphrase : NULL); if (err) goto leave; if (shadow_info) { /* Key is on a smartcard. */ err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNUSABLE_SECKEY); goto leave; } if (openpgp) { /* The openpgp option changes the key format into the OpenPGP key transfer format. The result is already a padded canonical S-expression. */ if (!passphrase) { err = agent_ask_new_passphrase (ctrl, _("This key (or subkey) is not protected with a passphrase." " Please enter a new passphrase to export it."), &passphrase); if (err) goto leave; } err = convert_to_openpgp (ctrl, s_skey, passphrase, &key, &keylen); if (!err && passphrase) { if (!cache_nonce) { char buf[12]; gcry_create_nonce (buf, 12); cache_nonce = bin2hex (buf, 12, NULL); } if (cache_nonce && !agent_put_cache (ctrl, cache_nonce, CACHE_MODE_NONCE, passphrase, CACHE_TTL_NONCE)) { assuan_write_status (ctx, "CACHE_NONCE", cache_nonce); xfree (ctrl->server_local->last_cache_nonce); ctrl->server_local->last_cache_nonce = cache_nonce; cache_nonce = NULL; } } } else { /* Convert into a canonical S-expression and wrap that. */ err = make_canon_sexp_pad (s_skey, 1, &key, &keylen); } if (err) goto leave; gcry_sexp_release (s_skey); s_skey = NULL; err = gcry_cipher_open (&cipherhd, GCRY_CIPHER_AES128, GCRY_CIPHER_MODE_AESWRAP, 0); if (err) goto leave; err = gcry_cipher_setkey (cipherhd, ctrl->server_local->export_key, KEYWRAP_KEYSIZE); if (err) goto leave; wrappedkeylen = keylen + 8; wrappedkey = xtrymalloc (wrappedkeylen); if (!wrappedkey) { err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); goto leave; } err = gcry_cipher_encrypt (cipherhd, wrappedkey, wrappedkeylen, key, keylen); if (err) goto leave; xfree (key); key = NULL; gcry_cipher_close (cipherhd); cipherhd = NULL; assuan_begin_confidential (ctx); err = assuan_send_data (ctx, wrappedkey, wrappedkeylen); assuan_end_confidential (ctx); leave: xfree (cache_nonce); xfree (passphrase); xfree (wrappedkey); gcry_cipher_close (cipherhd); xfree (key); gcry_sexp_release (s_skey); xfree (ctrl->server_local->keydesc); ctrl->server_local->keydesc = NULL; xfree (shadow_info); return leave_cmd (ctx, err); } static const char hlp_delete_key[] = "DELETE_KEY [--force|--stub-only] \n" "\n" "Delete a secret key from the key store. If --force is used\n" "and a loopback pinentry is allowed, the agent will not ask\n" "the user for confirmation. If --stub-only is used the key will\n" "only be deleted if it is a reference to a token."; static gpg_error_t cmd_delete_key (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); gpg_error_t err; int force, stub_only; unsigned char grip[20]; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); force = has_option (line, "--force"); stub_only = has_option (line, "--stub-only"); line = skip_options (line); /* If the use of a loopback pinentry has been disabled, we assume * that a silent deletion of keys shall also not be allowed. */ if (!opt.allow_loopback_pinentry) force = 0; err = parse_keygrip (ctx, line, grip); if (err) goto leave; err = agent_delete_key (ctrl, ctrl->server_local->keydesc, grip, force, stub_only); if (err) goto leave; leave: xfree (ctrl->server_local->keydesc); ctrl->server_local->keydesc = NULL; return leave_cmd (ctx, err); } #if SIZEOF_TIME_T > SIZEOF_UNSIGNED_LONG #define KEYTOCARD_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT "(10:created-at10:%010llu))" #else #define KEYTOCARD_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT "(10:created-at10:%010lu))" #endif static const char hlp_keytocard[] = "KEYTOCARD [--force] \n" "\n"; static gpg_error_t cmd_keytocard (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); int force; gpg_error_t err = 0; unsigned char grip[20]; gcry_sexp_t s_skey = NULL; unsigned char *keydata; size_t keydatalen; const char *serialno, *timestamp_str, *id; unsigned char *shadow_info = NULL; time_t timestamp; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); force = has_option (line, "--force"); line = skip_options (line); err = parse_keygrip (ctx, line, grip); if (err) goto leave; if (agent_key_available (grip)) { err =gpg_error (GPG_ERR_NO_SECKEY); goto leave; } /* Fixme: Replace the parsing code by split_fields(). */ line += 40; while (*line && (*line == ' ' || *line == '\t')) line++; serialno = line; while (*line && (*line != ' ' && *line != '\t')) line++; if (!*line) { err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_MISSING_VALUE); goto leave; } *line = '\0'; line++; while (*line && (*line == ' ' || *line == '\t')) line++; id = line; while (*line && (*line != ' ' && *line != '\t')) line++; if (!*line) { err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_MISSING_VALUE); goto leave; } *line = '\0'; line++; while (*line && (*line == ' ' || *line == '\t')) line++; timestamp_str = line; while (*line && (*line != ' ' && *line != '\t')) line++; if (*line) *line = '\0'; if ((timestamp = isotime2epoch (timestamp_str)) == (time_t)(-1)) { err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_TIME); goto leave; } err = agent_key_from_file (ctrl, NULL, ctrl->server_local->keydesc, grip, &shadow_info, CACHE_MODE_IGNORE, NULL, &s_skey, NULL); if (err) { xfree (shadow_info); goto leave; } if (shadow_info) { /* Key is on a smartcard already. */ xfree (shadow_info); gcry_sexp_release (s_skey); err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNUSABLE_SECKEY); goto leave; } keydatalen = gcry_sexp_sprint (s_skey, GCRYSEXP_FMT_CANON, NULL, 0); keydata = xtrymalloc_secure (keydatalen + 30); if (keydata == NULL) { err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); gcry_sexp_release (s_skey); goto leave; } gcry_sexp_sprint (s_skey, GCRYSEXP_FMT_CANON, keydata, keydatalen); gcry_sexp_release (s_skey); keydatalen--; /* Decrement for last '\0'. */ /* Add timestamp "created-at" in the private key */ snprintf (keydata+keydatalen-1, 30, KEYTOCARD_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT, timestamp); keydatalen += 10 + 19 - 1; err = divert_writekey (ctrl, force, serialno, id, keydata, keydatalen); xfree (keydata); leave: return leave_cmd (ctx, err); } static const char hlp_getval[] = "GETVAL \n" "\n" "Return the value for KEY from the special environment as created by\n" "PUTVAL."; static gpg_error_t cmd_getval (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); int rc = 0; char *key = NULL; char *p; struct putval_item_s *vl; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); for (p=line; *p == ' '; p++) ; key = p; p = strchr (key, ' '); if (p) { *p++ = 0; for (; *p == ' '; p++) ; if (*p) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "too many arguments"); } if (!*key) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "no key given"); for (vl=putval_list; vl; vl = vl->next) if ( !strcmp (vl->d, key) ) break; if (vl) /* Got an entry. */ rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, vl->d+vl->off, vl->len); else return gpg_error (GPG_ERR_NO_DATA); return leave_cmd (ctx, rc); } static const char hlp_putval[] = "PUTVAL []\n" "\n" "The gpg-agent maintains a kind of environment which may be used to\n" "store key/value pairs in it, so that they can be retrieved later.\n" "This may be used by helper daemons to daemonize themself on\n" "invocation and register them with gpg-agent. Callers of the\n" "daemon's service may now first try connect to get the information\n" "for that service from gpg-agent through the GETVAL command and then\n" "try to connect to that daemon. Only if that fails they may start\n" "an own instance of the service daemon. \n" "\n" "KEY is an arbitrary symbol with the same syntax rules as keys\n" "for shell environment variables. PERCENT_ESCAPED_VALUE is the\n" "corresponding value; they should be similar to the values of\n" "envronment variables but gpg-agent does not enforce any\n" "restrictions. If that value is not given any value under that KEY\n" "is removed from this special environment."; static gpg_error_t cmd_putval (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); int rc = 0; char *key = NULL; char *value = NULL; size_t valuelen = 0; char *p; struct putval_item_s *vl, *vlprev; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); for (p=line; *p == ' '; p++) ; key = p; p = strchr (key, ' '); if (p) { *p++ = 0; for (; *p == ' '; p++) ; if (*p) { value = p; p = strchr (value, ' '); if (p) *p = 0; valuelen = percent_plus_unescape_inplace (value, 0); } } if (!*key) return set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "no key given"); for (vl=putval_list,vlprev=NULL; vl; vlprev=vl, vl = vl->next) if ( !strcmp (vl->d, key) ) break; if (vl) /* Delete old entry. */ { if (vlprev) vlprev->next = vl->next; else putval_list = vl->next; xfree (vl); } if (valuelen) /* Add entry. */ { vl = xtrymalloc (sizeof *vl + strlen (key) + valuelen); if (!vl) rc = gpg_error_from_syserror (); else { vl->len = valuelen; vl->off = strlen (key) + 1; strcpy (vl->d, key); memcpy (vl->d + vl->off, value, valuelen); vl->next = putval_list; putval_list = vl; } } return leave_cmd (ctx, rc); } static const char hlp_updatestartuptty[] = "UPDATESTARTUPTTY\n" "\n" "Set startup TTY and X11 DISPLAY variables to the values of this\n" "session. This command is useful to pull future pinentries to\n" "another screen. It is only required because there is no way in the\n" "ssh-agent protocol to convey this information."; static gpg_error_t cmd_updatestartuptty (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); gpg_error_t err = 0; session_env_t se; char *lc_ctype = NULL; char *lc_messages = NULL; int iterator; const char *name; (void)line; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); se = session_env_new (); if (!se) err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); iterator = 0; while (!err && (name = session_env_list_stdenvnames (&iterator, NULL))) { const char *value = session_env_getenv (ctrl->session_env, name); if (value) err = session_env_setenv (se, name, value); } if (!err && ctrl->lc_ctype) if (!(lc_ctype = xtrystrdup (ctrl->lc_ctype))) err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); if (!err && ctrl->lc_messages) if (!(lc_messages = xtrystrdup (ctrl->lc_messages))) err = gpg_error_from_syserror (); if (err) { session_env_release (se); xfree (lc_ctype); xfree (lc_messages); } else { session_env_release (opt.startup_env); opt.startup_env = se; xfree (opt.startup_lc_ctype); opt.startup_lc_ctype = lc_ctype; xfree (opt.startup_lc_messages); opt.startup_lc_messages = lc_messages; } return err; } static const char hlp_killagent[] = "KILLAGENT\n" "\n" "Stop the agent."; static gpg_error_t cmd_killagent (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); (void)line; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); ctrl->server_local->stopme = 1; assuan_set_flag (ctx, ASSUAN_FORCE_CLOSE, 1); return 0; } static const char hlp_reloadagent[] = "RELOADAGENT\n" "\n" "This command is an alternative to SIGHUP\n" "to reload the configuration."; static gpg_error_t cmd_reloadagent (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); (void)line; if (ctrl->restricted) return leave_cmd (ctx, gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN)); agent_sighup_action (); return 0; } static const char hlp_getinfo[] = "GETINFO \n" "\n" "Multipurpose function to return a variety of information.\n" "Supported values for WHAT are:\n" "\n" " version - Return the version of the program.\n" " pid - Return the process id of the server.\n" " socket_name - Return the name of the socket.\n" " ssh_socket_name - Return the name of the ssh socket.\n" " scd_running - Return OK if the SCdaemon is already running.\n" " s2k_time - Return the time in milliseconds required for S2K.\n" " s2k_count - Return the standard S2K count.\n" " s2k_count_cal - Return the calibrated S2K count.\n" " std_env_names - List the names of the standard environment.\n" " std_session_env - List the standard session environment.\n" " std_startup_env - List the standard startup environment.\n" " getenv NAME - Return value of envvar NAME.\n" " connections - Return number of active connections.\n" " jent_active - Returns OK if Libgcrypt's JENT is active.\n" " restricted - Returns OK if the connection is in restricted mode.\n" " cmd_has_option CMD OPT\n" " - Returns OK if command CMD has option OPT.\n"; static gpg_error_t cmd_getinfo (assuan_context_t ctx, char *line) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); int rc = 0; if (!strcmp (line, "version")) { const char *s = VERSION; rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, s, strlen (s)); } else if (!strncmp (line, "cmd_has_option", 14) && (line[14] == ' ' || line[14] == '\t' || !line[14])) { char *cmd, *cmdopt; line += 14; while (*line == ' ' || *line == '\t') line++; if (!*line) rc = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_MISSING_VALUE); else { cmd = line; while (*line && (*line != ' ' && *line != '\t')) line++; if (!*line) rc = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_MISSING_VALUE); else { *line++ = 0; while (*line == ' ' || *line == '\t') line++; if (!*line) rc = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_MISSING_VALUE); else { cmdopt = line; if (!command_has_option (cmd, cmdopt)) rc = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FALSE); } } } } else if (!strcmp (line, "s2k_count")) { char numbuf[50]; snprintf (numbuf, sizeof numbuf, "%lu", get_standard_s2k_count ()); rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, numbuf, strlen (numbuf)); } else if (!strcmp (line, "restricted")) { rc = ctrl->restricted? 0 : gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FALSE); } else if (ctrl->restricted) { rc = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN); } /* All sub-commands below are not allowed in restricted mode. */ else if (!strcmp (line, "pid")) { char numbuf[50]; snprintf (numbuf, sizeof numbuf, "%lu", (unsigned long)getpid ()); rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, numbuf, strlen (numbuf)); } else if (!strcmp (line, "socket_name")) { const char *s = get_agent_socket_name (); if (s) rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, s, strlen (s)); else rc = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_NO_DATA); } else if (!strcmp (line, "ssh_socket_name")) { const char *s = get_agent_ssh_socket_name (); if (s) rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, s, strlen (s)); else rc = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_NO_DATA); } else if (!strcmp (line, "scd_running")) { rc = agent_scd_check_running ()? 0 : gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FALSE); } else if (!strcmp (line, "std_env_names")) { int iterator; const char *name; iterator = 0; while ((name = session_env_list_stdenvnames (&iterator, NULL))) { rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, name, strlen (name)+1); if (!rc) rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, NULL, 0); if (rc) break; } } else if (!strcmp (line, "std_session_env") || !strcmp (line, "std_startup_env")) { int iterator; const char *name, *value; char *string; iterator = 0; while ((name = session_env_list_stdenvnames (&iterator, NULL))) { value = session_env_getenv_or_default (line[5] == 't'? opt.startup_env:ctrl->session_env, name, NULL); if (value) { string = xtryasprintf ("%s=%s", name, value); if (!string) rc = gpg_error_from_syserror (); else { rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, string, strlen (string)+1); if (!rc) rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, NULL, 0); } if (rc) break; } } } else if (!strncmp (line, "getenv", 6) && (line[6] == ' ' || line[6] == '\t' || !line[6])) { line += 6; while (*line == ' ' || *line == '\t') line++; if (!*line) rc = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_MISSING_VALUE); else { const char *s = getenv (line); if (!s) rc = set_error (GPG_ERR_NOT_FOUND, "No such envvar"); else rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, s, strlen (s)); } } else if (!strcmp (line, "connections")) { char numbuf[20]; snprintf (numbuf, sizeof numbuf, "%d", get_agent_active_connection_count ()); rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, numbuf, strlen (numbuf)); } else if (!strcmp (line, "jent_active")) { #if GCRYPT_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x010800 char *buf; char *fields[5]; buf = gcry_get_config (0, "rng-type"); if (buf && split_fields_colon (buf, fields, DIM (fields)) >= 5 && atoi (fields[4]) > 0) rc = 0; else rc = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FALSE); gcry_free (buf); #else rc = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FALSE); #endif } else if (!strcmp (line, "s2k_count_cal")) { char numbuf[50]; snprintf (numbuf, sizeof numbuf, "%lu", get_calibrated_s2k_count ()); rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, numbuf, strlen (numbuf)); } else if (!strcmp (line, "s2k_time")) { char numbuf[50]; snprintf (numbuf, sizeof numbuf, "%lu", get_standard_s2k_time ()); rc = assuan_send_data (ctx, numbuf, strlen (numbuf)); } else rc = set_error (GPG_ERR_ASS_PARAMETER, "unknown value for WHAT"); return rc; } /* This function is called by Libassuan to parse the OPTION command. It has been registered similar to the other Assuan commands. */ static gpg_error_t option_handler (assuan_context_t ctx, const char *key, const char *value) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); gpg_error_t err = 0; if (!strcmp (key, "agent-awareness")) { /* The value is a version string telling us of which agent version the caller is aware of. */ ctrl->server_local->allow_fully_canceled = gnupg_compare_version (value, "2.1.0"); } else if (ctrl->restricted) { err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_FORBIDDEN); } /* All options below are not allowed in restricted mode. */ else if (!strcmp (key, "putenv")) { /* Change the session's environment to be used for the Pinentry. Valid values are: Delete envvar NAME = Set envvar NAME to the empty string = Set envvar NAME to VALUE */ err = session_env_putenv (ctrl->session_env, value); } else if (!strcmp (key, "display")) { err = session_env_setenv (ctrl->session_env, "DISPLAY", value); } else if (!strcmp (key, "ttyname")) { if (!opt.keep_tty) err = session_env_setenv (ctrl->session_env, "GPG_TTY", value); } else if (!strcmp (key, "ttytype")) { if (!opt.keep_tty) err = session_env_setenv (ctrl->session_env, "TERM", value); } else if (!strcmp (key, "lc-ctype")) { if (ctrl->lc_ctype) xfree (ctrl->lc_ctype); ctrl->lc_ctype = xtrystrdup (value); if (!ctrl->lc_ctype) return out_of_core (); } else if (!strcmp (key, "lc-messages")) { if (ctrl->lc_messages) xfree (ctrl->lc_messages); ctrl->lc_messages = xtrystrdup (value); if (!ctrl->lc_messages) return out_of_core (); } else if (!strcmp (key, "xauthority")) { err = session_env_setenv (ctrl->session_env, "XAUTHORITY", value); } else if (!strcmp (key, "pinentry-user-data")) { err = session_env_setenv (ctrl->session_env, "PINENTRY_USER_DATA", value); } else if (!strcmp (key, "use-cache-for-signing")) ctrl->server_local->use_cache_for_signing = *value? !!atoi (value) : 0; else if (!strcmp (key, "allow-pinentry-notify")) ctrl->server_local->allow_pinentry_notify = 1; else if (!strcmp (key, "pinentry-mode")) { int tmp = parse_pinentry_mode (value); if (tmp == -1) err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE); else if (tmp == PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK && !opt.allow_loopback_pinentry) err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED); else ctrl->pinentry_mode = tmp; } else if (!strcmp (key, "cache-ttl-opt-preset")) { ctrl->cache_ttl_opt_preset = *value? atoi (value) : 0; } else if (!strcmp (key, "s2k-count")) { ctrl->s2k_count = *value? strtoul(value, NULL, 10) : 0; if (ctrl->s2k_count && ctrl->s2k_count < 65536) { ctrl->s2k_count = 0; } } else if (!strcmp (key, "pretend-request-origin")) { log_assert (!ctrl->restricted); switch (parse_request_origin (value)) { case REQUEST_ORIGIN_LOCAL: ctrl->restricted = 0; break; case REQUEST_ORIGIN_REMOTE: ctrl->restricted = 1; break; case REQUEST_ORIGIN_BROWSER: ctrl->restricted = 2; break; default: err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE); /* Better pretend to be remote in case of a bad value. */ ctrl->restricted = 1; break; } } else err = gpg_error (GPG_ERR_UNKNOWN_OPTION); return err; } /* Called by libassuan after all commands. ERR is the error from the last assuan operation and not the one returned from the command. */ static void post_cmd_notify (assuan_context_t ctx, gpg_error_t err) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); (void)err; /* Switch off any I/O monitor controlled logging pausing. */ ctrl->server_local->pause_io_logging = 0; } /* This function is called by libassuan for all I/O. We use it here to disable logging for the GETEVENTCOUNTER commands. This is so that the debug output won't get cluttered by this primitive command. */ static unsigned int io_monitor (assuan_context_t ctx, void *hook, int direction, const char *line, size_t linelen) { ctrl_t ctrl = assuan_get_pointer (ctx); (void) hook; /* We want to suppress all Assuan log messages for connections from * self. However, assuan_get_pid works only after * assuan_accept. Now, assuan_accept already logs a line ending with * the process id. We use this hack here to get the peers pid so * that we can compare it to our pid. We should add an assuan * function to return the pid for a file descriptor and use that to * detect connections to self. */ if (ctx && !ctrl->server_local->greeting_seen && direction == ASSUAN_IO_TO_PEER) { ctrl->server_local->greeting_seen = 1; if (linelen > 32 && !strncmp (line, "OK Pleased to meet you, process ", 32) && strtoul (line+32, NULL, 10) == getpid ()) return ASSUAN_IO_MONITOR_NOLOG; } /* Do not log self-connections. This makes the log cleaner because * we won't see the check-our-own-socket calls. */ if (ctx && ctrl->server_local->connect_from_self) return ASSUAN_IO_MONITOR_NOLOG; /* Note that we only check for the uppercase name. This allows the user to see the logging for debugging if using a non-upercase command name. */ if (ctx && direction == ASSUAN_IO_FROM_PEER && linelen >= 15 && !strncmp (line, "GETEVENTCOUNTER", 15) && (linelen == 15 || spacep (line+15))) { ctrl->server_local->pause_io_logging = 1; } return ctrl->server_local->pause_io_logging? ASSUAN_IO_MONITOR_NOLOG : 0; } /* Return true if the command CMD implements the option OPT. */ static int command_has_option (const char *cmd, const char *cmdopt) { if (!strcmp (cmd, "GET_PASSPHRASE")) { if (!strcmp (cmdopt, "repeat")) return 1; if (!strcmp (cmdopt, "newsymkey")) return 1; } return 0; } /* Tell Libassuan about our commands. Also register the other Assuan handlers. */ static int register_commands (assuan_context_t ctx) { static struct { const char *name; assuan_handler_t handler; const char * const help; } table[] = { { "GETEVENTCOUNTER",cmd_geteventcounter, hlp_geteventcounter }, { "ISTRUSTED", cmd_istrusted, hlp_istrusted }, { "HAVEKEY", cmd_havekey, hlp_havekey }, { "KEYINFO", cmd_keyinfo, hlp_keyinfo }, { "SIGKEY", cmd_sigkey, hlp_sigkey }, { "SETKEY", cmd_sigkey, hlp_sigkey }, { "SETKEYDESC", cmd_setkeydesc,hlp_setkeydesc }, { "SETHASH", cmd_sethash, hlp_sethash }, { "PKSIGN", cmd_pksign, hlp_pksign }, { "PKDECRYPT", cmd_pkdecrypt, hlp_pkdecrypt }, { "GENKEY", cmd_genkey, hlp_genkey }, { "READKEY", cmd_readkey, hlp_readkey }, { "GET_PASSPHRASE", cmd_get_passphrase, hlp_get_passphrase }, { "PRESET_PASSPHRASE", cmd_preset_passphrase, hlp_preset_passphrase }, { "CLEAR_PASSPHRASE", cmd_clear_passphrase, hlp_clear_passphrase }, { "GET_CONFIRMATION", cmd_get_confirmation, hlp_get_confirmation }, { "LISTTRUSTED", cmd_listtrusted, hlp_listtrusted }, { "MARKTRUSTED", cmd_marktrusted, hlp_martrusted }, { "LEARN", cmd_learn, hlp_learn }, { "PASSWD", cmd_passwd, hlp_passwd }, { "INPUT", NULL }, { "OUTPUT", NULL }, { "SCD", cmd_scd, hlp_scd }, { "KEYWRAP_KEY", cmd_keywrap_key, hlp_keywrap_key }, { "IMPORT_KEY", cmd_import_key, hlp_import_key }, { "EXPORT_KEY", cmd_export_key, hlp_export_key }, { "DELETE_KEY", cmd_delete_key, hlp_delete_key }, { "GETVAL", cmd_getval, hlp_getval }, { "PUTVAL", cmd_putval, hlp_putval }, { "UPDATESTARTUPTTY", cmd_updatestartuptty, hlp_updatestartuptty }, { "KILLAGENT", cmd_killagent, hlp_killagent }, { "RELOADAGENT", cmd_reloadagent,hlp_reloadagent }, { "GETINFO", cmd_getinfo, hlp_getinfo }, { "KEYTOCARD", cmd_keytocard, hlp_keytocard }, { NULL } }; int i, rc; for (i=0; table[i].name; i++) { rc = assuan_register_command (ctx, table[i].name, table[i].handler, table[i].help); if (rc) return rc; } assuan_register_post_cmd_notify (ctx, post_cmd_notify); assuan_register_reset_notify (ctx, reset_notify); assuan_register_option_handler (ctx, option_handler); return 0; } /* Startup the server. If LISTEN_FD and FD is given as -1, this is a simple piper server, otherwise it is a regular server. CTRL is the control structure for this connection; it has only the basic initialization. */ void start_command_handler (ctrl_t ctrl, gnupg_fd_t listen_fd, gnupg_fd_t fd) { int rc; assuan_context_t ctx = NULL; if (ctrl->restricted) { if (agent_copy_startup_env (ctrl)) return; } rc = assuan_new (&ctx); if (rc) { log_error ("failed to allocate assuan context: %s\n", gpg_strerror (rc)); agent_exit (2); } if (listen_fd == GNUPG_INVALID_FD && fd == GNUPG_INVALID_FD) { assuan_fd_t filedes[2]; filedes[0] = assuan_fdopen (0); filedes[1] = assuan_fdopen (1); rc = assuan_init_pipe_server (ctx, filedes); } else if (listen_fd != GNUPG_INVALID_FD) { rc = assuan_init_socket_server (ctx, listen_fd, 0); /* FIXME: Need to call assuan_sock_set_nonce for Windows. But this branch is currently not used. */ } else { rc = assuan_init_socket_server (ctx, fd, ASSUAN_SOCKET_SERVER_ACCEPTED); } if (rc) { log_error ("failed to initialize the server: %s\n", gpg_strerror(rc)); agent_exit (2); } rc = register_commands (ctx); if (rc) { log_error ("failed to register commands with Assuan: %s\n", gpg_strerror(rc)); agent_exit (2); } assuan_set_pointer (ctx, ctrl); ctrl->server_local = xcalloc (1, sizeof *ctrl->server_local); ctrl->server_local->assuan_ctx = ctx; ctrl->server_local->use_cache_for_signing = 1; ctrl->digest.raw_value = 0; assuan_set_io_monitor (ctx, io_monitor, NULL); agent_set_progress_cb (progress_cb, ctrl); for (;;) { pid_t client_pid; rc = assuan_accept (ctx); if (gpg_err_code (rc) == GPG_ERR_EOF || rc == -1) { break; } else if (rc) { log_info ("Assuan accept problem: %s\n", gpg_strerror (rc)); break; } client_pid = assuan_get_pid (ctx); ctrl->server_local->connect_from_self = (client_pid == getpid ()); if (client_pid != ASSUAN_INVALID_PID) ctrl->client_pid = (unsigned long)client_pid; else ctrl->client_pid = 0; rc = assuan_process (ctx); if (rc) { log_info ("Assuan processing failed: %s\n", gpg_strerror (rc)); continue; } } /* Reset the nonce caches. */ clear_nonce_cache (ctrl); /* Reset the SCD if needed. */ agent_reset_scd (ctrl); /* Reset the pinentry (in case of popup messages). */ agent_reset_query (ctrl); /* Cleanup. */ assuan_release (ctx); xfree (ctrl->server_local->keydesc); xfree (ctrl->server_local->import_key); xfree (ctrl->server_local->export_key); if (ctrl->server_local->stopme) agent_exit (0); xfree (ctrl->server_local); ctrl->server_local = NULL; } /* Helper for the pinentry loopback mode. It merely passes the parameters on to the client. */ gpg_error_t pinentry_loopback(ctrl_t ctrl, const char *keyword, unsigned char **buffer, size_t *size, size_t max_length) { gpg_error_t rc; assuan_context_t ctx = ctrl->server_local->assuan_ctx; rc = print_assuan_status (ctx, "INQUIRE_MAXLEN", "%zu", max_length); if (rc) return rc; assuan_begin_confidential (ctx); rc = assuan_inquire (ctx, keyword, buffer, size, max_length); assuan_end_confidential (ctx); return rc; } diff --git a/doc/gpg.texi b/doc/gpg.texi index 4870441d4..fca04bccc 100644 --- a/doc/gpg.texi +++ b/doc/gpg.texi @@ -1,4300 +1,4303 @@ @c Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, @c 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @c This is part of the GnuPG manual. @c For copying conditions, see the file gnupg.texi. @include defs.inc @node Invoking GPG @chapter Invoking GPG @cindex GPG command options @cindex command options @cindex options, GPG command @c Begin standard stuff @ifclear gpgtwohack @manpage gpg.1 @ifset manverb .B gpg \- OpenPGP encryption and signing tool @end ifset @mansect synopsis @ifset manverb .B gpg .RB [ \-\-homedir .IR dir ] .RB [ \-\-options .IR file ] .RI [ options ] .I command .RI [ args ] @end ifset @end ifclear @c End standard stuff @c Begin gpg2 hack stuff @ifset gpgtwohack @manpage gpg2.1 @ifset manverb .B gpg2 \- OpenPGP encryption and signing tool @end ifset @mansect synopsis @ifset manverb .B gpg2 .RB [ \-\-homedir .IR dir ] .RB [ \-\-options .IR file ] .RI [ options ] .I command .RI [ args ] @end ifset @end ifset @c End gpg2 hack stuff @mansect description @command{@gpgname} is the OpenPGP part of the GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG). It is a tool to provide digital encryption and signing services using the OpenPGP standard. @command{@gpgname} features complete key management and all the bells and whistles you would expect from a full OpenPGP implementation. There are two main versions of GnuPG: GnuPG 1.x and GnuPG 2.x. GnuPG 2.x supports modern encryption algorithms and thus should be preferred over GnuPG 1.x. You only need to use GnuPG 1.x if your platform doesn't support GnuPG 2.x, or you need support for some features that GnuPG 2.x has deprecated, e.g., decrypting data created with PGP-2 keys. @ifclear gpgtwohack If you are looking for version 1 of GnuPG, you may find that version installed under the name @command{gpg1}. @end ifclear @ifset gpgtwohack In contrast to the standalone command @command{gpg} from GnuPG 1.x, the 2.x version is commonly installed under the name @command{@gpgname}. @end ifset @manpause @xref{Option Index}, for an index to @command{@gpgname}'s commands and options. @mancont @menu * GPG Commands:: List of all commands. * GPG Options:: List of all options. * GPG Configuration:: Configuration files. * GPG Examples:: Some usage examples. Developer information: * Unattended Usage of GPG:: Using @command{gpg} from other programs. @end menu @c * GPG Protocol:: The protocol the server mode uses. @c ******************************************* @c *************** **************** @c *************** COMMANDS **************** @c *************** **************** @c ******************************************* @mansect commands @node GPG Commands @section Commands Commands are not distinguished from options except for the fact that only one command is allowed. Generally speaking, irrelevant options are silently ignored, and may not be checked for correctness. @command{@gpgname} may be run with no commands. In this case it will print a warning perform a reasonable action depending on the type of file it is given as input (an encrypted message is decrypted, a signature is verified, a file containing keys is listed, etc.). If you run into any problems, please add the option @option{--verbose} to the invocation to see more diagnostics. @menu * General GPG Commands:: Commands not specific to the functionality. * Operational GPG Commands:: Commands to select the type of operation. * OpenPGP Key Management:: How to manage your keys. @end menu @c ******************************************* @c ********** GENERAL COMMANDS ************* @c ******************************************* @node General GPG Commands @subsection Commands not specific to the function @table @gnupgtabopt @item --version @opindex version Print the program version and licensing information. Note that you cannot abbreviate this command. @item --help @itemx -h @opindex help Print a usage message summarizing the most useful command-line options. Note that you cannot arbitrarily abbreviate this command (though you can use its short form @option{-h}). @item --warranty @opindex warranty Print warranty information. @item --dump-options @opindex dump-options Print a list of all available options and commands. Note that you cannot abbreviate this command. @end table @c ******************************************* @c ******** OPERATIONAL COMMANDS *********** @c ******************************************* @node Operational GPG Commands @subsection Commands to select the type of operation @table @gnupgtabopt @item --sign @itemx -s @opindex sign Sign a message. This command may be combined with @option{--encrypt} (to sign and encrypt a message), @option{--symmetric} (to sign and symmetrically encrypt a message), or both @option{--encrypt} and @option{--symmetric} (to sign and encrypt a message that can be decrypted using a secret key or a passphrase). The signing key is chosen by default or can be set explicitly using the @option{--local-user} and @option{--default-key} options. @item --clear-sign @opindex clear-sign @itemx --clearsign @opindex clearsign Make a cleartext signature. The content in a cleartext signature is readable without any special software. OpenPGP software is only needed to verify the signature. cleartext signatures may modify end-of-line whitespace for platform independence and are not intended to be reversible. The signing key is chosen by default or can be set explicitly using the @option{--local-user} and @option{--default-key} options. @item --detach-sign @itemx -b @opindex detach-sign Make a detached signature. @item --encrypt @itemx -e @opindex encrypt Encrypt data to one or more public keys. This command may be combined with @option{--sign} (to sign and encrypt a message), @option{--symmetric} (to encrypt a message that can be decrypted using a secret key or a passphrase), or @option{--sign} and @option{--symmetric} together (for a signed message that can be decrypted using a secret key or a passphrase). @option{--recipient} and related options specify which public keys to use for encryption. @item --symmetric @itemx -c @opindex symmetric Encrypt with a symmetric cipher using a passphrase. The default symmetric cipher used is @value{GPGSYMENCALGO}, but may be chosen with the @option{--cipher-algo} option. This command may be combined with @option{--sign} (for a signed and symmetrically encrypted message), @option{--encrypt} (for a message that may be decrypted via a secret key or a passphrase), or @option{--sign} and @option{--encrypt} together (for a signed message that may be decrypted via a secret key or a passphrase). @command{@gpgname} caches the passphrase used for symmetric encryption so that a decrypt operation may not require that the user needs to enter the passphrase. The option @option{--no-symkey-cache} can be used to disable this feature. @item --store @opindex store Store only (make a simple literal data packet). @item --decrypt @itemx -d @opindex decrypt Decrypt the file given on the command line (or STDIN if no file is specified) and write it to STDOUT (or the file specified with @option{--output}). If the decrypted file is signed, the signature is also verified. This command differs from the default operation, as it never writes to the filename which is included in the file and it rejects files that don't begin with an encrypted message. @item --verify @opindex verify Assume that the first argument is a signed file and verify it without generating any output. With no arguments, the signature packet is read from STDIN. If only one argument is given, the specified file is expected to include a complete signature. With more than one argument, the first argument should specify a file with a detached signature and the remaining files should contain the signed data. To read the signed data from STDIN, use @samp{-} as the second filename. For security reasons, a detached signature will not read the signed material from STDIN if not explicitly specified. Note: If the option @option{--batch} is not used, @command{@gpgname} may assume that a single argument is a file with a detached signature, and it will try to find a matching data file by stripping certain suffixes. Using this historical feature to verify a detached signature is strongly discouraged; you should always specify the data file explicitly. Note: When verifying a cleartext signature, @command{@gpgname} verifies only what makes up the cleartext signed data and not any extra data outside of the cleartext signature or the header lines directly following the dash marker line. The option @code{--output} may be used to write out the actual signed data, but there are other pitfalls with this format as well. It is suggested to avoid cleartext signatures in favor of detached signatures. Note: Sometimes the use of the @command{gpgv} tool is easier than using the full-fledged @command{gpg} with this option. @command{gpgv} is designed to compare signed data against a list of trusted keys and returns with success only for a good signature. It has its own manual page. @item --multifile @opindex multifile This modifies certain other commands to accept multiple files for processing on the command line or read from STDIN with each filename on a separate line. This allows for many files to be processed at once. @option{--multifile} may currently be used along with @option{--verify}, @option{--encrypt}, and @option{--decrypt}. Note that @option{--multifile --verify} may not be used with detached signatures. @item --verify-files @opindex verify-files Identical to @option{--multifile --verify}. @item --encrypt-files @opindex encrypt-files Identical to @option{--multifile --encrypt}. @item --decrypt-files @opindex decrypt-files Identical to @option{--multifile --decrypt}. @item --list-keys @itemx -k @itemx --list-public-keys @opindex list-keys List the specified keys. If no keys are specified, then all keys from the configured public keyrings are listed. Never use the output of this command in scripts or other programs. The output is intended only for humans and its format is likely to change. The @option{--with-colons} option emits the output in a stable, machine-parseable format, which is intended for use by scripts and other programs. @item --list-secret-keys @itemx -K @opindex list-secret-keys List the specified secret keys. If no keys are specified, then all known secret keys are listed. A @code{#} after the initial tags @code{sec} or @code{ssb} means that the secret key or subkey is currently not usable. We also say that this key has been taken offline (for example, a primary key can be taken offline by exporting the key using the command @option{--export-secret-subkeys}). A @code{>} after these tags indicate that the key is stored on a smartcard. See also @option{--list-keys}. @item --check-signatures @opindex check-signatures @itemx --check-sigs @opindex check-sigs Same as @option{--list-keys}, but the key signatures are verified and listed too. Note that for performance reasons the revocation status of a signing key is not shown. This command has the same effect as using @option{--list-keys} with @option{--with-sig-check}. The status of the verification is indicated by a flag directly following the "sig" tag (and thus before the flags described below. A "!" indicates that the signature has been successfully verified, a "-" denotes a bad signature and a "%" is used if an error occurred while checking the signature (e.g. a non supported algorithm). Signatures where the public key is not available are not listed; to see their keyids the command @option{--list-sigs} can be used. For each signature listed, there are several flags in between the signature status flag and keyid. These flags give additional information about each key signature. From left to right, they are the numbers 1-3 for certificate check level (see @option{--ask-cert-level}), "L" for a local or non-exportable signature (see @option{--lsign-key}), "R" for a nonRevocable signature (see the @option{--edit-key} command "nrsign"), "P" for a signature that contains a policy URL (see @option{--cert-policy-url}), "N" for a signature that contains a notation (see @option{--cert-notation}), "X" for an eXpired signature (see @option{--ask-cert-expire}), and the numbers 1-9 or "T" for 10 and above to indicate trust signature levels (see the @option{--edit-key} command "tsign"). @item --locate-keys @itemx --locate-external-keys @opindex locate-keys @opindex locate-external-keys Locate the keys given as arguments. This command basically uses the same algorithm as used when locating keys for encryption or signing and may thus be used to see what keys @command{@gpgname} might use. In particular external methods as defined by @option{--auto-key-locate} may be used to locate a key. Only public keys are listed. The variant @option{--locate-external-keys} does not consider a locally existing key and can thus be used to force the refresh of a key via the defined external methods. @item --show-keys @opindex show-keys This commands takes OpenPGP keys as input and prints information about them in the same way the command @option{--list-keys} does for locally stored key. In addition the list options @code{show-unusable-uids}, @code{show-unusable-subkeys}, @code{show-notations} and @code{show-policy-urls} are also enabled. As usual for automated processing, this command should be combined with the option @option{--with-colons}. @item --fingerprint @opindex fingerprint List all keys (or the specified ones) along with their fingerprints. This is the same output as @option{--list-keys} but with the additional output of a line with the fingerprint. May also be combined with @option{--check-signatures}. If this command is given twice, the fingerprints of all secondary keys are listed too. This command also forces pretty printing of fingerprints if the keyid format has been set to "none". @item --list-packets @opindex list-packets List only the sequence of packets. This command is only useful for debugging. When used with option @option{--verbose} the actual MPI values are dumped and not only their lengths. Note that the output of this command may change with new releases. @item --edit-card @opindex edit-card @itemx --card-edit @opindex card-edit Present a menu to work with a smartcard. The subcommand "help" provides an overview on available commands. For a detailed description, please see the Card HOWTO at https://gnupg.org/documentation/howtos.html#GnuPG-cardHOWTO . @item --card-status @opindex card-status Show the content of the smart card. @item --change-pin @opindex change-pin Present a menu to allow changing the PIN of a smartcard. This functionality is also available as the subcommand "passwd" with the @option{--edit-card} command. @item --delete-keys @var{name} @opindex delete-keys Remove key from the public keyring. In batch mode either @option{--yes} is required or the key must be specified by fingerprint. This is a safeguard against accidental deletion of multiple keys. If the exclamation mark syntax is used with the fingerprint of a subkey only that subkey is deleted; if the exclamation mark is used with the fingerprint of the primary key the entire public key is deleted. @item --delete-secret-keys @var{name} @opindex delete-secret-keys Remove key from the secret keyring. In batch mode the key must be specified by fingerprint. The option @option{--yes} can be used to advice gpg-agent not to request a confirmation. This extra pre-caution is done because @command{@gpgname} can't be sure that the secret key (as controlled by gpg-agent) is only used for the given OpenPGP public key. If the exclamation mark syntax is used with the fingerprint of a subkey only the secret part of that subkey is deleted; if the exclamation mark is used with the fingerprint of the primary key only the secret part of the primary key is deleted. @item --delete-secret-and-public-key @var{name} @opindex delete-secret-and-public-key Same as @option{--delete-key}, but if a secret key exists, it will be removed first. In batch mode the key must be specified by fingerprint. The option @option{--yes} can be used to advice gpg-agent not to request a confirmation. @item --export @opindex export Either export all keys from all keyrings (default keyrings and those registered via option @option{--keyring}), or if at least one name is given, those of the given name. The exported keys are written to STDOUT or to the file given with option @option{--output}. Use together with @option{--armor} to mail those keys. @item --send-keys @var{keyIDs} @opindex send-keys Similar to @option{--export} but sends the keys to a keyserver. Fingerprints may be used instead of key IDs. Don't send your complete keyring to a keyserver --- select only those keys which are new or changed by you. If no @var{keyIDs} are given, @command{@gpgname} does nothing. @item --export-secret-keys @itemx --export-secret-subkeys @opindex export-secret-keys @opindex export-secret-subkeys Same as @option{--export}, but exports the secret keys instead. The exported keys are written to STDOUT or to the file given with option @option{--output}. This command is often used along with the option @option{--armor} to allow for easy printing of the key for paper backup; however the external tool @command{paperkey} does a better job of creating backups on paper. Note that exporting a secret key can be a security risk if the exported keys are sent over an insecure channel. The second form of the command has the special property to render the secret part of the primary key useless; this is a GNU extension to OpenPGP and other implementations can not be expected to successfully import such a key. Its intended use is in generating a full key with an additional signing subkey on a dedicated machine. This command then exports the key without the primary key to the main machine. GnuPG may ask you to enter the passphrase for the key. This is required, because the internal protection method of the secret key is different from the one specified by the OpenPGP protocol. @item --export-ssh-key @opindex export-ssh-key This command is used to export a key in the OpenSSH public key format. It requires the specification of one key by the usual means and exports the latest valid subkey which has an authentication capability to STDOUT or to the file given with option @option{--output}. That output can directly be added to ssh's @file{authorized_key} file. By specifying the key to export using a key ID or a fingerprint suffixed with an exclamation mark (!), a specific subkey or the primary key can be exported. This does not even require that the key has the authentication capability flag set. @item --import @itemx --fast-import @opindex import Import/merge keys. This adds the given keys to the keyring. The fast version is currently just a synonym. There are a few other options which control how this command works. Most notable here is the @option{--import-options merge-only} option which does not insert new keys but does only the merging of new signatures, user-IDs and subkeys. @item --receive-keys @var{keyIDs} @opindex receive-keys @itemx --recv-keys @var{keyIDs} @opindex recv-keys Import the keys with the given @var{keyIDs} from a keyserver. @item --refresh-keys @opindex refresh-keys Request updates from a keyserver for keys that already exist on the local keyring. This is useful for updating a key with the latest signatures, user IDs, etc. Calling this with no arguments will refresh the entire keyring. @item --search-keys @var{names} @opindex search-keys Search the keyserver for the given @var{names}. Multiple names given here will be joined together to create the search string for the keyserver. Note that keyservers search for @var{names} in a different and simpler way than gpg does. The best choice is to use a mail address. Due to data privacy reasons keyservers may even not even allow searching by user id or mail address and thus may only return results when being used with the @option{--recv-key} command to search by key fingerprint or keyid. @item --fetch-keys @var{URIs} @opindex fetch-keys Retrieve keys located at the specified @var{URIs}. Note that different installations of GnuPG may support different protocols (HTTP, FTP, LDAP, etc.). When using HTTPS the system provided root certificates are used by this command. @item --update-trustdb @opindex update-trustdb Do trust database maintenance. This command iterates over all keys and builds the Web of Trust. This is an interactive command because it may have to ask for the "ownertrust" values for keys. The user has to give an estimation of how far she trusts the owner of the displayed key to correctly certify (sign) other keys. GnuPG only asks for the ownertrust value if it has not yet been assigned to a key. Using the @option{--edit-key} menu, the assigned value can be changed at any time. @item --check-trustdb @opindex check-trustdb Do trust database maintenance without user interaction. From time to time the trust database must be updated so that expired keys or signatures and the resulting changes in the Web of Trust can be tracked. Normally, GnuPG will calculate when this is required and do it automatically unless @option{--no-auto-check-trustdb} is set. This command can be used to force a trust database check at any time. The processing is identical to that of @option{--update-trustdb} but it skips keys with a not yet defined "ownertrust". For use with cron jobs, this command can be used together with @option{--batch} in which case the trust database check is done only if a check is needed. To force a run even in batch mode add the option @option{--yes}. @anchor{option --export-ownertrust} @item --export-ownertrust @opindex export-ownertrust Send the ownertrust values to STDOUT. This is useful for backup purposes as these values are the only ones which can't be re-created from a corrupted trustdb. Example: @c man:.RS @example @gpgname{} --export-ownertrust > otrust.txt @end example @c man:.RE @item --import-ownertrust @opindex import-ownertrust Update the trustdb with the ownertrust values stored in @code{files} (or STDIN if not given); existing values will be overwritten. In case of a severely damaged trustdb and if you have a recent backup of the ownertrust values (e.g. in the file @file{otrust.txt}), you may re-create the trustdb using these commands: @c man:.RS @example cd ~/.gnupg rm trustdb.gpg @gpgname{} --import-ownertrust < otrust.txt @end example @c man:.RE @item --rebuild-keydb-caches @opindex rebuild-keydb-caches When updating from version 1.0.6 to 1.0.7 this command should be used to create signature caches in the keyring. It might be handy in other situations too. @item --print-md @var{algo} @itemx --print-mds @opindex print-md Print message digest of algorithm @var{algo} for all given files or STDIN. With the second form (or a deprecated "*" for @var{algo}) digests for all available algorithms are printed. @item --gen-random @var{0|1|2} @var{count} @opindex gen-random Emit @var{count} random bytes of the given quality level 0, 1 or 2. If @var{count} is not given or zero, an endless sequence of random bytes will be emitted. If used with @option{--armor} the output will be base64 encoded. PLEASE, don't use this command unless you know what you are doing; it may remove precious entropy from the system! @item --gen-prime @var{mode} @var{bits} @opindex gen-prime Use the source, Luke :-). The output format is subject to change with ant release. @item --enarmor @itemx --dearmor @opindex enarmor @opindex dearmor Pack or unpack an arbitrary input into/from an OpenPGP ASCII armor. This is a GnuPG extension to OpenPGP and in general not very useful. @item --tofu-policy @{auto|good|unknown|bad|ask@} @var{keys} @opindex tofu-policy Set the TOFU policy for all the bindings associated with the specified @var{keys}. For more information about the meaning of the policies, @pxref{trust-model-tofu}. The @var{keys} may be specified either by their fingerprint (preferred) or their keyid. @c @item --server @c @opindex server @c Run gpg in server mode. This feature is not yet ready for use and @c thus not documented. @end table @c ******************************************* @c ******* KEY MANGEMENT COMMANDS ********** @c ******************************************* @node OpenPGP Key Management @subsection How to manage your keys This section explains the main commands for key management. @table @gnupgtabopt @item --quick-generate-key @var{user-id} [@var{algo} [@var{usage} [@var{expire}]]] @itemx --quick-gen-key @opindex quick-generate-key @opindex quick-gen-key This is a simple command to generate a standard key with one user id. In contrast to @option{--generate-key} the key is generated directly without the need to answer a bunch of prompts. Unless the option @option{--yes} is given, the key creation will be canceled if the given user id already exists in the keyring. If invoked directly on the console without any special options an answer to a ``Continue?'' style confirmation prompt is required. In case the user id already exists in the keyring a second prompt to force the creation of the key will show up. If @var{algo} or @var{usage} are given, only the primary key is created and no prompts are shown. To specify an expiration date but still create a primary and subkey use ``default'' or ``future-default'' for @var{algo} and ``default'' for @var{usage}. For a description of these optional arguments see the command @code{--quick-add-key}. The @var{usage} accepts also the value ``cert'' which can be used to create a certification only primary key; the default is to a create certification and signing key. The @var{expire} argument can be used to specify an expiration date for the key. Several formats are supported; commonly the ISO formats ``YYYY-MM-DD'' or ``YYYYMMDDThhmmss'' are used. To make the key expire in N seconds, N days, N weeks, N months, or N years use ``seconds=N'', ``Nd'', ``Nw'', ``Nm'', or ``Ny'' respectively. Not specifying a value, or using ``-'' results in a key expiring in a reasonable default interval. The values ``never'', ``none'' can be used for no expiration date. If this command is used with @option{--batch}, @option{--pinentry-mode} has been set to @code{loopback}, and one of the passphrase options (@option{--passphrase}, @option{--passphrase-fd}, or @option{passphrase-file}) is used, the supplied passphrase is used for the new key and the agent does not ask for it. To create a key without any protection @code{--passphrase ''} may be used. To create an OpenPGP key from the keys available on the currently inserted smartcard, the special string ``card'' can be used for @var{algo}. If the card features an encryption and a signing key, gpg will figure them out and creates an OpenPGP key consisting of the usual primary key and one subkey. This works only with certain smartcards. Note that the interactive @option{--full-gen-key} command allows to do the same but with greater flexibility in the selection of the smartcard keys. Note that it is possible to create a primary key and a subkey using non-default algorithms by using ``default'' and changing the default parameters using the option @option{--default-new-key-algo}. @item --quick-set-expire @var{fpr} @var{expire} [*|@var{subfprs}] @opindex quick-set-expire With two arguments given, directly set the expiration time of the primary key identified by @var{fpr} to @var{expire}. To remove the expiration time @code{0} can be used. With three arguments and the third given as an asterisk, the expiration time of all non-revoked and not yet expired subkeys are set to @var{expire}. With more than two arguments and a list of fingerprints given for @var{subfprs}, all non-revoked subkeys matching these fingerprints are set to @var{expire}. @item --quick-add-key @var{fpr} [@var{algo} [@var{usage} [@var{expire}]]] @opindex quick-add-key Directly add a subkey to the key identified by the fingerprint @var{fpr}. Without the optional arguments an encryption subkey is added. If any of the arguments are given a more specific subkey is added. @var{algo} may be any of the supported algorithms or curve names given in the format as used by key listings. To use the default algorithm the string ``default'' or ``-'' can be used. Supported algorithms are ``rsa'', ``dsa'', ``elg'', ``ed25519'', ``cv25519'', and other ECC curves. For example the string ``rsa'' adds an RSA key with the default key length; a string ``rsa4096'' requests that the key length is 4096 bits. The string ``future-default'' is an alias for the algorithm which will likely be used as default algorithm in future versions of gpg. To list the supported ECC curves the command @code{gpg --with-colons --list-config curve} can be used. Depending on the given @var{algo} the subkey may either be an encryption subkey or a signing subkey. If an algorithm is capable of signing and encryption and such a subkey is desired, a @var{usage} string must be given. This string is either ``default'' or ``-'' to keep the default or a comma delimited list (or space delimited list) of keywords: ``sign'' for a signing subkey, ``auth'' for an authentication subkey, and ``encr'' for an encryption subkey (``encrypt'' can be used as alias for ``encr''). The valid combinations depend on the algorithm. The @var{expire} argument can be used to specify an expiration date for the key. Several formats are supported; commonly the ISO formats ``YYYY-MM-DD'' or ``YYYYMMDDThhmmss'' are used. To make the key expire in N seconds, N days, N weeks, N months, or N years use ``seconds=N'', ``Nd'', ``Nw'', ``Nm'', or ``Ny'' respectively. Not specifying a value, or using ``-'' results in a key expiring in a reasonable default interval. The values ``never'', ``none'' can be used for no expiration date. @item --generate-key @opindex generate-key @itemx --gen-key @opindex gen-key Generate a new key pair using the current default parameters. This is the standard command to create a new key. In addition to the key a revocation certificate is created and stored in the @file{openpgp-revocs.d} directory below the GnuPG home directory. @item --full-generate-key @opindex full-generate-key @itemx --full-gen-key @opindex full-gen-key Generate a new key pair with dialogs for all options. This is an extended version of @option{--generate-key}. There is also a feature which allows you to create keys in batch mode. See the manual section ``Unattended key generation'' on how to use this. @item --generate-revocation @var{name} @opindex generate-revocation @itemx --gen-revoke @var{name} @opindex gen-revoke Generate a revocation certificate for the complete key. To only revoke a subkey or a key signature, use the @option{--edit} command. This command merely creates the revocation certificate so that it can be used to revoke the key if that is ever needed. To actually revoke a key the created revocation certificate needs to be merged with the key to revoke. This is done by importing the revocation certificate using the @option{--import} command. Then the revoked key needs to be published, which is best done by sending the key to a keyserver (command @option{--send-key}) and by exporting (@option{--export}) it to a file which is then send to frequent communication partners. @item --generate-designated-revocation @var{name} @opindex generate-designated-revocation @itemx --desig-revoke @var{name} @opindex desig-revoke Generate a designated revocation certificate for a key. This allows a user (with the permission of the keyholder) to revoke someone else's key. @item --edit-key @opindex edit-key Present a menu which enables you to do most of the key management related tasks. It expects the specification of a key on the command line. @c ******** Begin Edit-key Options ********** @table @asis @item uid @var{n} @opindex keyedit:uid Toggle selection of user ID or photographic user ID with index @var{n}. Use @code{*} to select all and @code{0} to deselect all. @item key @var{n} @opindex keyedit:key Toggle selection of subkey with index @var{n} or key ID @var{n}. Use @code{*} to select all and @code{0} to deselect all. @item sign @opindex keyedit:sign Make a signature on key of user @code{name}. If the key is not yet signed by the default user (or the users given with @option{-u}), the program displays the information of the key again, together with its fingerprint and asks whether it should be signed. This question is repeated for all users specified with @option{-u}. @item lsign @opindex keyedit:lsign Same as "sign" but the signature is marked as non-exportable and will therefore never be used by others. This may be used to make keys valid only in the local environment. @item nrsign @opindex keyedit:nrsign Same as "sign" but the signature is marked as non-revocable and can therefore never be revoked. @item tsign @opindex keyedit:tsign Make a trust signature. This is a signature that combines the notions of certification (like a regular signature), and trust (like the "trust" command). It is generally only useful in distinct communities or groups. For more information please read the sections ``Trust Signature'' and ``Regular Expression'' in RFC-4880. @end table @c man:.RS Note that "l" (for local / non-exportable), "nr" (for non-revocable, and "t" (for trust) may be freely mixed and prefixed to "sign" to create a signature of any type desired. @c man:.RE If the option @option{--only-sign-text-ids} is specified, then any non-text based user ids (e.g., photo IDs) will not be selected for signing. @table @asis @item delsig @opindex keyedit:delsig Delete a signature. Note that it is not possible to retract a signature, once it has been send to the public (i.e. to a keyserver). In that case you better use @code{revsig}. @item revsig @opindex keyedit:revsig Revoke a signature. For every signature which has been generated by one of the secret keys, GnuPG asks whether a revocation certificate should be generated. @item check @opindex keyedit:check Check the signatures on all selected user IDs. With the extra option @code{selfsig} only self-signatures are shown. @item adduid @opindex keyedit:adduid Create an additional user ID. @item addphoto @opindex keyedit:addphoto Create a photographic user ID. This will prompt for a JPEG file that will be embedded into the user ID. Note that a very large JPEG will make for a very large key. Also note that some programs will display your JPEG unchanged (GnuPG), and some programs will scale it to fit in a dialog box (PGP). @item showphoto @opindex keyedit:showphoto Display the selected photographic user ID. @item deluid @opindex keyedit:deluid Delete a user ID or photographic user ID. Note that it is not possible to retract a user id, once it has been send to the public (i.e. to a keyserver). In that case you better use @code{revuid}. @item revuid @opindex keyedit:revuid Revoke a user ID or photographic user ID. @item primary @opindex keyedit:primary Flag the current user id as the primary one, removes the primary user id flag from all other user ids and sets the timestamp of all affected self-signatures one second ahead. Note that setting a photo user ID as primary makes it primary over other photo user IDs, and setting a regular user ID as primary makes it primary over other regular user IDs. @item keyserver @opindex keyedit:keyserver Set a preferred keyserver for the specified user ID(s). This allows other users to know where you prefer they get your key from. See @option{--keyserver-options honor-keyserver-url} for more on how this works. Setting a value of "none" removes an existing preferred keyserver. @item notation @opindex keyedit:notation Set a name=value notation for the specified user ID(s). See @option{--cert-notation} for more on how this works. Setting a value of "none" removes all notations, setting a notation prefixed with a minus sign (-) removes that notation, and setting a notation name (without the =value) prefixed with a minus sign removes all notations with that name. @item pref @opindex keyedit:pref List preferences from the selected user ID. This shows the actual preferences, without including any implied preferences. @item showpref @opindex keyedit:showpref More verbose preferences listing for the selected user ID. This shows the preferences in effect by including the implied preferences of 3DES (cipher), SHA-1 (digest), and Uncompressed (compression) if they are not already included in the preference list. In addition, the preferred keyserver and signature notations (if any) are shown. @item setpref @var{string} @opindex keyedit:setpref Set the list of user ID preferences to @var{string} for all (or just the selected) user IDs. Calling setpref with no arguments sets the preference list to the default (either built-in or set via @option{--default-preference-list}), and calling setpref with "none" as the argument sets an empty preference list. Use @command{@gpgname --version} to get a list of available algorithms. Note that while you can change the preferences on an attribute user ID (aka "photo ID"), GnuPG does not select keys via attribute user IDs so these preferences will not be used by GnuPG. When setting preferences, you should list the algorithms in the order which you'd like to see them used by someone else when encrypting a message to your key. If you don't include 3DES, it will be automatically added at the end. Note that there are many factors that go into choosing an algorithm (for example, your key may not be the only recipient), and so the remote OpenPGP application being used to send to you may or may not follow your exact chosen order for a given message. It will, however, only choose an algorithm that is present on the preference list of every recipient key. See also the INTEROPERABILITY WITH OTHER OPENPGP PROGRAMS section below. @item addkey @opindex keyedit:addkey Add a subkey to this key. @item addcardkey @opindex keyedit:addcardkey Generate a subkey on a card and add it to this key. @item keytocard @opindex keyedit:keytocard Transfer the selected secret subkey (or the primary key if no subkey has been selected) to a smartcard. The secret key in the keyring will be replaced by a stub if the key could be stored successfully on the card and you use the save command later. Only certain key types may be transferred to the card. A sub menu allows you to select on what card to store the key. Note that it is not possible to get that key back from the card - if the card gets broken your secret key will be lost unless you have a backup somewhere. @item bkuptocard @var{file} @opindex keyedit:bkuptocard Restore the given @var{file} to a card. This command may be used to restore a backup key (as generated during card initialization) to a new card. In almost all cases this will be the encryption key. You should use this command only with the corresponding public key and make sure that the file given as argument is indeed the backup to restore. You should then select 2 to restore as encryption key. You will first be asked to enter the passphrase of the backup key and then for the Admin PIN of the card. @item delkey @opindex keyedit:delkey Remove a subkey (secondary key). Note that it is not possible to retract a subkey, once it has been send to the public (i.e. to a keyserver). In that case you better use @code{revkey}. Also note that this only deletes the public part of a key. @item revkey @opindex keyedit:revkey Revoke a subkey. @item expire @opindex keyedit:expire Change the key or subkey expiration time. If a subkey is selected, the expiration time of this subkey will be changed. With no selection, the key expiration of the primary key is changed. @item trust @opindex keyedit:trust Change the owner trust value for the key. This updates the trust-db immediately and no save is required. @item disable @itemx enable @opindex keyedit:disable @opindex keyedit:enable Disable or enable an entire key. A disabled key can not normally be used for encryption. @item addrevoker @opindex keyedit:addrevoker Add a designated revoker to the key. This takes one optional argument: "sensitive". If a designated revoker is marked as sensitive, it will not be exported by default (see export-options). @item passwd @opindex keyedit:passwd Change the passphrase of the secret key. @item toggle @opindex keyedit:toggle This is dummy command which exists only for backward compatibility. @item clean @opindex keyedit:clean Compact (by removing all signatures except the selfsig) any user ID that is no longer usable (e.g. revoked, or expired). Then, remove any signatures that are not usable by the trust calculations. Specifically, this removes any signature that does not validate, any signature that is superseded by a later signature, revoked signatures, and signatures issued by keys that are not present on the keyring. @item minimize @opindex keyedit:minimize Make the key as small as possible. This removes all signatures from each user ID except for the most recent self-signature. @item change-usage @opindex keyedit:change-usage Change the usage flags (capabilities) of the primary key or of subkeys. These usage flags (e.g. Certify, Sign, Authenticate, Encrypt) are set during key creation. Sometimes it is useful to have the opportunity to change them (for example to add Authenticate) after they have been created. Please take care when doing this; the allowed usage flags depend on the key algorithm. @item cross-certify @opindex keyedit:cross-certify Add cross-certification signatures to signing subkeys that may not currently have them. Cross-certification signatures protect against a subtle attack against signing subkeys. See @option{--require-cross-certification}. All new keys generated have this signature by default, so this command is only useful to bring older keys up to date. @item save @opindex keyedit:save Save all changes to the keyrings and quit. @item quit @opindex keyedit:quit Quit the program without updating the keyrings. @end table @c man:.RS The listing shows you the key with its secondary keys and all user IDs. The primary user ID is indicated by a dot, and selected keys or user IDs are indicated by an asterisk. The trust value is displayed with the primary key: "trust" is the assigned owner trust and "validity" is the calculated validity of the key. Validity values are also displayed for all user IDs. For possible values of trust, @pxref{trust-values}. @c man:.RE @c ******** End Edit-key Options ********** @item --sign-key @var{name} @opindex sign-key Signs a public key with your secret key. This is a shortcut version of the subcommand "sign" from @option{--edit}. @item --lsign-key @var{name} @opindex lsign-key Signs a public key with your secret key but marks it as non-exportable. This is a shortcut version of the subcommand "lsign" from @option{--edit-key}. @item --quick-sign-key @var{fpr} [@var{names}] @itemx --quick-lsign-key @var{fpr} [@var{names}] @opindex quick-sign-key @opindex quick-lsign-key Directly sign a key from the passphrase without any further user interaction. The @var{fpr} must be the verified primary fingerprint of a key in the local keyring. If no @var{names} are given, all useful user ids are signed; with given [@var{names}] only useful user ids matching one of theses names are signed. By default, or if a name is prefixed with a '*', a case insensitive substring match is used. If a name is prefixed with a '=' a case sensitive exact match is done. The command @option{--quick-lsign-key} marks the signatures as non-exportable. If such a non-exportable signature already exists the @option{--quick-sign-key} turns it into a exportable signature. This command uses reasonable defaults and thus does not provide the full flexibility of the "sign" subcommand from @option{--edit-key}. Its intended use is to help unattended key signing by utilizing a list of verified fingerprints. @item --quick-add-uid @var{user-id} @var{new-user-id} @opindex quick-add-uid This command adds a new user id to an existing key. In contrast to the interactive sub-command @code{adduid} of @option{--edit-key} the @var{new-user-id} is added verbatim with only leading and trailing white space removed, it is expected to be UTF-8 encoded, and no checks on its form are applied. @item --quick-revoke-uid @var{user-id} @var{user-id-to-revoke} @opindex quick-revoke-uid This command revokes a user ID on an existing key. It cannot be used to revoke the last user ID on key (some non-revoked user ID must remain), with revocation reason ``User ID is no longer valid''. If you want to specify a different revocation reason, or to supply supplementary revocation text, you should use the interactive sub-command @code{revuid} of @option{--edit-key}. @item --quick-set-primary-uid @var{user-id} @var{primary-user-id} @opindex quick-set-primary-uid This command sets or updates the primary user ID flag on an existing key. @var{user-id} specifies the key and @var{primary-user-id} the user ID which shall be flagged as the primary user ID. The primary user ID flag is removed from all other user ids and the timestamp of all affected self-signatures is set one second ahead. @item --change-passphrase @var{user-id} @opindex change-passphrase @itemx --passwd @var{user-id} @opindex passwd Change the passphrase of the secret key belonging to the certificate specified as @var{user-id}. This is a shortcut for the sub-command @code{passwd} of the edit key menu. When using together with the option @option{--dry-run} this will not actually change the passphrase but check that the current passphrase is correct. @end table @c ******************************************* @c *************** **************** @c *************** OPTIONS **************** @c *************** **************** @c ******************************************* @mansect options @node GPG Options @section Option Summary @command{@gpgname} features a bunch of options to control the exact behaviour and to change the default configuration. @menu * GPG Configuration Options:: How to change the configuration. * GPG Key related Options:: Key related options. * GPG Input and Output:: Input and Output. * OpenPGP Options:: OpenPGP protocol specific options. * Compliance Options:: Compliance options. * GPG Esoteric Options:: Doing things one usually doesn't want to do. * Deprecated Options:: Deprecated options. @end menu Long options can be put in an options file (default "~/.gnupg/gpg.conf"). Short option names will not work - for example, "armor" is a valid option for the options file, while "a" is not. Do not write the 2 dashes, but simply the name of the option and any required arguments. Lines with a hash ('#') as the first non-white-space character are ignored. Commands may be put in this file too, but that is not generally useful as the command will execute automatically with every execution of gpg. Please remember that option parsing stops as soon as a non-option is encountered, you can explicitly stop parsing by using the special option @option{--}. @c ******************************************* @c ******** CONFIGURATION OPTIONS ********** @c ******************************************* @node GPG Configuration Options @subsection How to change the configuration These options are used to change the configuration and are usually found in the option file. @table @gnupgtabopt @item --default-key @var{name} @opindex default-key Use @var{name} as the default key to sign with. If this option is not used, the default key is the first key found in the secret keyring. Note that @option{-u} or @option{--local-user} overrides this option. This option may be given multiple times. In this case, the last key for which a secret key is available is used. If there is no secret key available for any of the specified values, GnuPG will not emit an error message but continue as if this option wasn't given. @item --default-recipient @var{name} @opindex default-recipient Use @var{name} as default recipient if option @option{--recipient} is not used and don't ask if this is a valid one. @var{name} must be non-empty. @item --default-recipient-self @opindex default-recipient-self Use the default key as default recipient if option @option{--recipient} is not used and don't ask if this is a valid one. The default key is the first one from the secret keyring or the one set with @option{--default-key}. @item --no-default-recipient @opindex no-default-recipient Reset @option{--default-recipient} and @option{--default-recipient-self}. @item -v, --verbose @opindex verbose Give more information during processing. If used twice, the input data is listed in detail. @item --no-verbose @opindex no-verbose Reset verbose level to 0. @item -q, --quiet @opindex quiet Try to be as quiet as possible. @item --batch @itemx --no-batch @opindex batch @opindex no-batch Use batch mode. Never ask, do not allow interactive commands. @option{--no-batch} disables this option. Note that even with a filename given on the command line, gpg might still need to read from STDIN (in particular if gpg figures that the input is a detached signature and no data file has been specified). Thus if you do not want to feed data via STDIN, you should connect STDIN to g@file{/dev/null}. It is highly recommended to use this option along with the options @option{--status-fd} and @option{--with-colons} for any unattended use of @command{gpg}. @item --no-tty @opindex no-tty Make sure that the TTY (terminal) is never used for any output. This option is needed in some cases because GnuPG sometimes prints warnings to the TTY even if @option{--batch} is used. @item --yes @opindex yes Assume "yes" on most questions. @item --no @opindex no Assume "no" on most questions. @item --list-options @var{parameters} @opindex list-options This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options used when listing keys and signatures (that is, @option{--list-keys}, @option{--check-signatures}, @option{--list-public-keys}, @option{--list-secret-keys}, and the @option{--edit-key} functions). Options can be prepended with a @option{no-} (after the two dashes) to give the opposite meaning. The options are: @table @asis @item show-photos @opindex list-options:show-photos Causes @option{--list-keys}, @option{--check-signatures}, @option{--list-public-keys}, and @option{--list-secret-keys} to display any photo IDs attached to the key. Defaults to no. See also @option{--photo-viewer}. Does not work with @option{--with-colons}: see @option{--attribute-fd} for the appropriate way to get photo data for scripts and other frontends. @item show-usage @opindex list-options:show-usage Show usage information for keys and subkeys in the standard key listing. This is a list of letters indicating the allowed usage for a key (@code{E}=encryption, @code{S}=signing, @code{C}=certification, @code{A}=authentication). Defaults to yes. @item show-policy-urls @opindex list-options:show-policy-urls Show policy URLs in the @option{--check-signatures} listings. Defaults to no. @item show-notations @itemx show-std-notations @itemx show-user-notations @opindex list-options:show-notations @opindex list-options:show-std-notations @opindex list-options:show-user-notations Show all, IETF standard, or user-defined signature notations in the @option{--check-signatures} listings. Defaults to no. @item show-keyserver-urls @opindex list-options:show-keyserver-urls Show any preferred keyserver URL in the @option{--check-signatures} listings. Defaults to no. @item show-uid-validity @opindex list-options:show-uid-validity Display the calculated validity of user IDs during key listings. Defaults to yes. @item show-unusable-uids @opindex list-options:show-unusable-uids Show revoked and expired user IDs in key listings. Defaults to no. @item show-unusable-subkeys @opindex list-options:show-unusable-subkeys Show revoked and expired subkeys in key listings. Defaults to no. @item show-keyring @opindex list-options:show-keyring Display the keyring name at the head of key listings to show which keyring a given key resides on. Defaults to no. @item show-sig-expire @opindex list-options:show-sig-expire Show signature expiration dates (if any) during @option{--check-signatures} listings. Defaults to no. @item show-sig-subpackets @opindex list-options:show-sig-subpackets Include signature subpackets in the key listing. This option can take an optional argument list of the subpackets to list. If no argument is passed, list all subpackets. Defaults to no. This option is only meaningful when using @option{--with-colons} along with @option{--check-signatures}. @item show-only-fpr-mbox @opindex list-options:show-only-fpr-mbox For each user-id which has a valid mail address print only the fingerprint followed by the mail address. @end table @item --verify-options @var{parameters} @opindex verify-options This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options used when verifying signatures. Options can be prepended with a `no-' to give the opposite meaning. The options are: @table @asis @item show-photos @opindex verify-options:show-photos Display any photo IDs present on the key that issued the signature. Defaults to no. See also @option{--photo-viewer}. @item show-policy-urls @opindex verify-options:show-policy-urls Show policy URLs in the signature being verified. Defaults to yes. @item show-notations @itemx show-std-notations @itemx show-user-notations @opindex verify-options:show-notations @opindex verify-options:show-std-notations @opindex verify-options:show-user-notations Show all, IETF standard, or user-defined signature notations in the signature being verified. Defaults to IETF standard. @item show-keyserver-urls @opindex verify-options:show-keyserver-urls Show any preferred keyserver URL in the signature being verified. Defaults to yes. @item show-uid-validity @opindex verify-options:show-uid-validity Display the calculated validity of the user IDs on the key that issued the signature. Defaults to yes. @item show-unusable-uids @opindex verify-options:show-unusable-uids Show revoked and expired user IDs during signature verification. Defaults to no. @item show-primary-uid-only @opindex verify-options:show-primary-uid-only Show only the primary user ID during signature verification. That is all the AKA lines as well as photo Ids are not shown with the signature verification status. @item pka-lookups @opindex verify-options:pka-lookups Enable PKA lookups to verify sender addresses. Note that PKA is based on DNS, and so enabling this option may disclose information on when and what signatures are verified or to whom data is encrypted. This is similar to the "web bug" described for the @option{--auto-key-retrieve} option. @item pka-trust-increase @opindex verify-options:pka-trust-increase Raise the trust in a signature to full if the signature passes PKA validation. This option is only meaningful if pka-lookups is set. @end table @item --enable-large-rsa @itemx --disable-large-rsa @opindex enable-large-rsa @opindex disable-large-rsa With --generate-key and --batch, enable the creation of RSA secret keys as large as 8192 bit. Note: 8192 bit is more than is generally recommended. These large keys don't significantly improve security, but they are more expensive to use, and their signatures and certifications are larger. This option is only available if the binary was build with large-secmem support. @item --enable-dsa2 @itemx --disable-dsa2 @opindex enable-dsa2 @opindex disable-dsa2 Enable hash truncation for all DSA keys even for old DSA Keys up to 1024 bit. This is also the default with @option{--openpgp}. Note that older versions of GnuPG also required this flag to allow the generation of DSA larger than 1024 bit. @item --photo-viewer @var{string} @opindex photo-viewer This is the command line that should be run to view a photo ID. "%i" will be expanded to a filename containing the photo. "%I" does the same, except the file will not be deleted once the viewer exits. Other flags are "%k" for the key ID, "%K" for the long key ID, "%f" for the key fingerprint, "%t" for the extension of the image type (e.g. "jpg"), "%T" for the MIME type of the image (e.g. "image/jpeg"), "%v" for the single-character calculated validity of the image being viewed (e.g. "f"), "%V" for the calculated validity as a string (e.g. "full"), "%U" for a base32 encoded hash of the user ID, and "%%" for an actual percent sign. If neither %i or %I are present, then the photo will be supplied to the viewer on standard input. On Unix the default viewer is @code{xloadimage -fork -quiet -title 'KeyID 0x%k' STDIN} with a fallback to @code{display -title 'KeyID 0x%k' %i} and finally to @code{xdg-open %i}. On Windows @code{!ShellExecute 400 %i} is used; here the command is a meta command to use that API call followed by a wait time in milliseconds which is used to give the viewer time to read the temporary image file before gpg deletes it again. Note that if your image viewer program is not secure, then executing it from gpg does not make it secure. @item --exec-path @var{string} @opindex exec-path @efindex PATH Sets a list of directories to search for photo viewers If not provided photo viewers use the @code{PATH} environment variable. @item --keyring @var{file} @opindex keyring Add @var{file} to the current list of keyrings. If @var{file} begins with a tilde and a slash, these are replaced by the $HOME directory. If the filename does not contain a slash, it is assumed to be in the GnuPG home directory ("~/.gnupg" if @option{--homedir} or $GNUPGHOME is not used). Note that this adds a keyring to the current list. If the intent is to use the specified keyring alone, use @option{--keyring} along with @option{--no-default-keyring}. If the option @option{--no-keyring} has been used no keyrings will be used at all. @item --secret-keyring @var{file} @opindex secret-keyring This is an obsolete option and ignored. All secret keys are stored in the @file{private-keys-v1.d} directory below the GnuPG home directory. @item --primary-keyring @var{file} @opindex primary-keyring Designate @var{file} as the primary public keyring. This means that newly imported keys (via @option{--import} or keyserver @option{--recv-from}) will go to this keyring. @item --trustdb-name @var{file} @opindex trustdb-name Use @var{file} instead of the default trustdb. If @var{file} begins with a tilde and a slash, these are replaced by the $HOME directory. If the filename does not contain a slash, it is assumed to be in the GnuPG home directory (@file{~/.gnupg} if @option{--homedir} or $GNUPGHOME is not used). @include opt-homedir.texi @item --display-charset @var{name} @opindex display-charset Set the name of the native character set. This is used to convert some informational strings like user IDs to the proper UTF-8 encoding. Note that this has nothing to do with the character set of data to be encrypted or signed; GnuPG does not recode user-supplied data. If this option is not used, the default character set is determined from the current locale. A verbosity level of 3 shows the chosen set. Valid values for @var{name} are: @table @asis @item iso-8859-1 @opindex display-charset:iso-8859-1 This is the Latin 1 set. @item iso-8859-2 @opindex display-charset:iso-8859-2 The Latin 2 set. @item iso-8859-15 @opindex display-charset:iso-8859-15 This is currently an alias for the Latin 1 set. @item koi8-r @opindex display-charset:koi8-r The usual Russian set (RFC-1489). @item utf-8 @opindex display-charset:utf-8 Bypass all translations and assume that the OS uses native UTF-8 encoding. @end table @item --utf8-strings @itemx --no-utf8-strings @opindex utf8-strings Assume that command line arguments are given as UTF-8 strings. The default (@option{--no-utf8-strings}) is to assume that arguments are encoded in the character set as specified by @option{--display-charset}. These options affect all following arguments. Both options may be used multiple times. @anchor{gpg-option --options} @item --options @var{file} @opindex options Read options from @var{file} and do not try to read them from the default options file in the homedir (see @option{--homedir}). This option is ignored if used in an options file. @item --no-options @opindex no-options Shortcut for @option{--options /dev/null}. This option is detected before an attempt to open an option file. Using this option will also prevent the creation of a @file{~/.gnupg} homedir. @item -z @var{n} @itemx --compress-level @var{n} @itemx --bzip2-compress-level @var{n} @opindex compress-level @opindex bzip2-compress-level Set compression level to @var{n} for the ZIP and ZLIB compression algorithms. The default is to use the default compression level of zlib (normally 6). @option{--bzip2-compress-level} sets the compression level for the BZIP2 compression algorithm (defaulting to 6 as well). This is a different option from @option{--compress-level} since BZIP2 uses a significant amount of memory for each additional compression level. @option{-z} sets both. A value of 0 for @var{n} disables compression. @item --bzip2-decompress-lowmem @opindex bzip2-decompress-lowmem Use a different decompression method for BZIP2 compressed files. This alternate method uses a bit more than half the memory, but also runs at half the speed. This is useful under extreme low memory circumstances when the file was originally compressed at a high @option{--bzip2-compress-level}. @item --mangle-dos-filenames @itemx --no-mangle-dos-filenames @opindex mangle-dos-filenames @opindex no-mangle-dos-filenames Older version of Windows cannot handle filenames with more than one dot. @option{--mangle-dos-filenames} causes GnuPG to replace (rather than add to) the extension of an output filename to avoid this problem. This option is off by default and has no effect on non-Windows platforms. @item --ask-cert-level @itemx --no-ask-cert-level @opindex ask-cert-level When making a key signature, prompt for a certification level. If this option is not specified, the certification level used is set via @option{--default-cert-level}. See @option{--default-cert-level} for information on the specific levels and how they are used. @option{--no-ask-cert-level} disables this option. This option defaults to no. @item --default-cert-level @var{n} @opindex default-cert-level The default to use for the check level when signing a key. 0 means you make no particular claim as to how carefully you verified the key. 1 means you believe the key is owned by the person who claims to own it but you could not, or did not verify the key at all. This is useful for a "persona" verification, where you sign the key of a pseudonymous user. 2 means you did casual verification of the key. For example, this could mean that you verified the key fingerprint and checked the user ID on the key against a photo ID. 3 means you did extensive verification of the key. For example, this could mean that you verified the key fingerprint with the owner of the key in person, and that you checked, by means of a hard to forge document with a photo ID (such as a passport) that the name of the key owner matches the name in the user ID on the key, and finally that you verified (by exchange of email) that the email address on the key belongs to the key owner. Note that the examples given above for levels 2 and 3 are just that: examples. In the end, it is up to you to decide just what "casual" and "extensive" mean to you. This option defaults to 0 (no particular claim). @item --min-cert-level @opindex min-cert-level When building the trust database, treat any signatures with a certification level below this as invalid. Defaults to 2, which disregards level 1 signatures. Note that level 0 "no particular claim" signatures are always accepted. @item --trusted-key @var{long key ID or fingerprint} @opindex trusted-key Assume that the specified key (which must be given as a full 8 byte key ID or 20 byte fingerprint) is as trustworthy as one of your own secret keys. This option is useful if you don't want to keep your secret keys (or one of them) online but still want to be able to check the validity of a given recipient's or signator's key. @item --trust-model @{pgp|classic|tofu|tofu+pgp|direct|always|auto@} @opindex trust-model Set what trust model GnuPG should follow. The models are: @table @asis @item pgp @opindex trust-model:pgp This is the Web of Trust combined with trust signatures as used in PGP 5.x and later. This is the default trust model when creating a new trust database. @item classic @opindex trust-model:classic This is the standard Web of Trust as introduced by PGP 2. @item tofu @opindex trust-model:tofu @anchor{trust-model-tofu} TOFU stands for Trust On First Use. In this trust model, the first time a key is seen, it is memorized. If later another key with a user id with the same email address is seen, both keys are marked as suspect. In that case, the next time either is used, a warning is displayed describing the conflict, why it might have occurred (either the user generated a new key and failed to cross sign the old and new keys, the key is forgery, or a man-in-the-middle attack is being attempted), and the user is prompted to manually confirm the validity of the key in question. Because a potential attacker is able to control the email address and thereby circumvent the conflict detection algorithm by using an email address that is similar in appearance to a trusted email address, whenever a message is verified, statistics about the number of messages signed with the key are shown. In this way, a user can easily identify attacks using fake keys for regular correspondents. When compared with the Web of Trust, TOFU offers significantly weaker security guarantees. In particular, TOFU only helps ensure consistency (that is, that the binding between a key and email address doesn't change). A major advantage of TOFU is that it requires little maintenance to use correctly. To use the web of trust properly, you need to actively sign keys and mark users as trusted introducers. This is a time-consuming process and anecdotal evidence suggests that even security-conscious users rarely take the time to do this thoroughly and instead rely on an ad-hoc TOFU process. In the TOFU model, policies are associated with bindings between keys and email addresses (which are extracted from user ids and normalized). There are five policies, which can be set manually using the @option{--tofu-policy} option. The default policy can be set using the @option{--tofu-default-policy} option. The TOFU policies are: @code{auto}, @code{good}, @code{unknown}, @code{bad} and @code{ask}. The @code{auto} policy is used by default (unless overridden by @option{--tofu-default-policy}) and marks a binding as marginally trusted. The @code{good}, @code{unknown} and @code{bad} policies mark a binding as fully trusted, as having unknown trust or as having trust never, respectively. The @code{unknown} policy is useful for just using TOFU to detect conflicts, but to never assign positive trust to a binding. The final policy, @code{ask} prompts the user to indicate the binding's trust. If batch mode is enabled (or input is inappropriate in the context), then the user is not prompted and the @code{undefined} trust level is returned. @item tofu+pgp @opindex trust-model:tofu+pgp This trust model combines TOFU with the Web of Trust. This is done by computing the trust level for each model and then taking the maximum trust level where the trust levels are ordered as follows: @code{unknown < undefined < marginal < fully < ultimate < expired < never}. By setting @option{--tofu-default-policy=unknown}, this model can be used to implement the web of trust with TOFU's conflict detection algorithm, but without its assignment of positive trust values, which some security-conscious users don't like. @item direct @opindex trust-model:direct Key validity is set directly by the user and not calculated via the Web of Trust. This model is solely based on the key and does not distinguish user IDs. Note that when changing to another trust model the trust values assigned to a key are transformed into ownertrust values, which also indicate how you trust the owner of the key to sign other keys. @item always @opindex trust-model:always Skip key validation and assume that used keys are always fully valid. You generally won't use this unless you are using some external validation scheme. This option also suppresses the "[uncertain]" tag printed with signature checks when there is no evidence that the user ID is bound to the key. Note that this trust model still does not allow the use of expired, revoked, or disabled keys. @item auto @opindex trust-model:auto Select the trust model depending on whatever the internal trust database says. This is the default model if such a database already exists. Note that a tofu trust model is not considered here and must be enabled explicitly. @end table @item --auto-key-locate @var{mechanisms} @itemx --no-auto-key-locate @opindex auto-key-locate GnuPG can automatically locate and retrieve keys as needed using this option. This happens when encrypting to an email address (in the "user@@example.com" form), and there are no "user@@example.com" keys on the local keyring. This option takes any number of the mechanisms listed below, in the order they are to be tried. Instead of listing the mechanisms as comma delimited arguments, the option may also be given several times to add more mechanism. The option @option{--no-auto-key-locate} or the mechanism "clear" resets the list. The default is "local,wkd". @table @asis @item cert Locate a key using DNS CERT, as specified in RFC-4398. @item pka Locate a key using DNS PKA. @item dane Locate a key using DANE, as specified in draft-ietf-dane-openpgpkey-05.txt. @item wkd Locate a key using the Web Key Directory protocol. @item ldap Using DNS Service Discovery, check the domain in question for any LDAP keyservers to use. If this fails, attempt to locate the key using the PGP Universal method of checking @samp{ldap://keys.(thedomain)}. @item keyserver Locate a key using a keyserver. @item keyserver-URL In addition, a keyserver URL as used in the @command{dirmngr} configuration may be used here to query that particular keyserver. @item local Locate the key using the local keyrings. This mechanism allows the user to select the order a local key lookup is done. Thus using @samp{--auto-key-locate local} is identical to @option{--no-auto-key-locate}. @item nodefault This flag disables the standard local key lookup, done before any of the mechanisms defined by the @option{--auto-key-locate} are tried. The position of this mechanism in the list does not matter. It is not required if @code{local} is also used. @item clear Clear all defined mechanisms. This is useful to override mechanisms given in a config file. Note that a @code{nodefault} in @var{mechanisms} will also be cleared unless it is given after the @code{clear}. @end table @item --auto-key-import @itemx --no-auto-key-import @opindex auto-key-import @opindex no-auto-key-import This is an offline mechanism to get a missing key for signature verification and for later encryption to this key. If this option is enabled and a signature includes an embedded key, that key is used to verify the signature and on verification success that key is imported. The default is @option{--no-auto-key-import}. On the sender (signing) site the option @option{--include-key-block} needs to be used to put the public part of the signing key as “Key Block subpacket” into the signature. @item --auto-key-retrieve @itemx --no-auto-key-retrieve @opindex auto-key-retrieve @opindex no-auto-key-retrieve These options enable or disable the automatic retrieving of keys from a keyserver when verifying signatures made by keys that are not on the local keyring. The default is @option{--no-auto-key-retrieve}. The order of methods tried to lookup the key is: 1. If the option @option{--auto-key-import} is set and the signatures includes an embedded key, that key is used to verify the signature and on verification success that key is imported. 2. If a preferred keyserver is specified in the signature and the option @option{honor-keyserver-url} is active (which is not the default), that keyserver is tried. Note that the creator of the signature uses the option @option{--sig-keyserver-url} to specify the preferred keyserver for data signatures. 3. If the signature has the Signer's UID set (e.g. using @option{--sender} while creating the signature) a Web Key Directory (WKD) lookup is done. This is the default configuration but can be disabled by removing WKD from the auto-key-locate list or by using the option @option{--disable-signer-uid}. 4. If the option @option{honor-pka-record} is active, the legacy PKA method is used. 5. If any keyserver is configured and the Issuer Fingerprint is part of the signature (since GnuPG 2.1.16), the configured keyservers are tried. Note that this option makes a "web bug" like behavior possible. Keyserver or Web Key Directory operators can see which keys you request, so by sending you a message signed by a brand new key (which you naturally will not have on your local keyring), the operator can tell both your IP address and the time when you verified the signature. @item --keyid-format @{none|short|0xshort|long|0xlong@} @opindex keyid-format Select how to display key IDs. "none" does not show the key ID at all but shows the fingerprint in a separate line. "short" is the traditional 8-character key ID. "long" is the more accurate (but less convenient) 16-character key ID. Add an "0x" to either to include an "0x" at the beginning of the key ID, as in 0x99242560. Note that this option is ignored if the option @option{--with-colons} is used. @item --keyserver @var{name} @opindex keyserver This option is deprecated - please use the @option{--keyserver} in @file{dirmngr.conf} instead. Use @var{name} as your keyserver. This is the server that @option{--receive-keys}, @option{--send-keys}, and @option{--search-keys} will communicate with to receive keys from, send keys to, and search for keys on. The format of the @var{name} is a URI: `scheme:[//]keyservername[:port]' The scheme is the type of keyserver: "hkp" for the HTTP (or compatible) keyservers, "ldap" for the LDAP keyservers, or "mailto" for the Graff email keyserver. Note that your particular installation of GnuPG may have other keyserver types available as well. Keyserver schemes are case-insensitive. After the keyserver name, optional keyserver configuration options may be provided. These are the same as the global @option{--keyserver-options} from below, but apply only to this particular keyserver. Most keyservers synchronize with each other, so there is generally no need to send keys to more than one server. The keyserver @code{hkp://keys.gnupg.net} uses round robin DNS to give a different keyserver each time you use it. @item --keyserver-options @{@var{name}=@var{value}@} @opindex keyserver-options This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for the keyserver. Options can be prefixed with a `no-' to give the opposite meaning. Valid import-options or export-options may be used here as well to apply to importing (@option{--recv-key}) or exporting (@option{--send-key}) a key from a keyserver. While not all options are available for all keyserver types, some common options are: @table @asis @item include-revoked When searching for a key with @option{--search-keys}, include keys that are marked on the keyserver as revoked. Note that not all keyservers differentiate between revoked and unrevoked keys, and for such keyservers this option is meaningless. Note also that most keyservers do not have cryptographic verification of key revocations, and so turning this option off may result in skipping keys that are incorrectly marked as revoked. @item include-disabled When searching for a key with @option{--search-keys}, include keys that are marked on the keyserver as disabled. Note that this option is not used with HKP keyservers. @item auto-key-retrieve This is an obsolete alias for the option @option{auto-key-retrieve}. Please do not use it; it will be removed in future versions.. @item honor-keyserver-url When using @option{--refresh-keys}, if the key in question has a preferred keyserver URL, then use that preferred keyserver to refresh the key from. In addition, if auto-key-retrieve is set, and the signature being verified has a preferred keyserver URL, then use that preferred keyserver to fetch the key from. Note that this option introduces a "web bug": The creator of the key can see when the keys is refreshed. Thus this option is not enabled by default. @item honor-pka-record If @option{--auto-key-retrieve} is used, and the signature being verified has a PKA record, then use the PKA information to fetch the key. Defaults to "yes". @item include-subkeys When receiving a key, include subkeys as potential targets. Note that this option is not used with HKP keyservers, as they do not support retrieving keys by subkey id. @item timeout @itemx http-proxy=@var{value} @itemx verbose @itemx debug @itemx check-cert @item ca-cert-file These options have no more function since GnuPG 2.1. Use the @code{dirmngr} configuration options instead. @end table The default list of options is: "self-sigs-only, import-clean, repair-keys, repair-pks-subkey-bug, export-attributes, honor-pka-record". @item --completes-needed @var{n} @opindex compliant-needed Number of completely trusted users to introduce a new key signer (defaults to 1). @item --marginals-needed @var{n} @opindex marginals-needed Number of marginally trusted users to introduce a new key signer (defaults to 3) @item --tofu-default-policy @{auto|good|unknown|bad|ask@} @opindex tofu-default-policy The default TOFU policy (defaults to @code{auto}). For more information about the meaning of this option, @pxref{trust-model-tofu}. @item --max-cert-depth @var{n} @opindex max-cert-depth Maximum depth of a certification chain (default is 5). @item --no-sig-cache @opindex no-sig-cache Do not cache the verification status of key signatures. Caching gives a much better performance in key listings. However, if you suspect that your public keyring is not safe against write modifications, you can use this option to disable the caching. It probably does not make sense to disable it because all kind of damage can be done if someone else has write access to your public keyring. @item --auto-check-trustdb @itemx --no-auto-check-trustdb @opindex auto-check-trustdb If GnuPG feels that its information about the Web of Trust has to be updated, it automatically runs the @option{--check-trustdb} command internally. This may be a time consuming process. @option{--no-auto-check-trustdb} disables this option. @item --use-agent @itemx --no-use-agent @opindex use-agent This is dummy option. @command{@gpgname} always requires the agent. @item --gpg-agent-info @opindex gpg-agent-info This is dummy option. It has no effect when used with @command{@gpgname}. @item --agent-program @var{file} @opindex agent-program Specify an agent program to be used for secret key operations. The default value is determined by running @command{gpgconf} with the option @option{--list-dirs}. Note that the pipe symbol (@code{|}) is used for a regression test suite hack and may thus not be used in the file name. @item --dirmngr-program @var{file} @opindex dirmngr-program Specify a dirmngr program to be used for keyserver access. The default value is @file{@value{BINDIR}/dirmngr}. @item --disable-dirmngr Entirely disable the use of the Dirmngr. @item --no-autostart @opindex no-autostart Do not start the gpg-agent or the dirmngr if it has not yet been started and its service is required. This option is mostly useful on machines where the connection to gpg-agent has been redirected to another machines. If dirmngr is required on the remote machine, it may be started manually using @command{gpgconf --launch dirmngr}. @item --lock-once @opindex lock-once Lock the databases the first time a lock is requested and do not release the lock until the process terminates. @item --lock-multiple @opindex lock-multiple Release the locks every time a lock is no longer needed. Use this to override a previous @option{--lock-once} from a config file. @item --lock-never @opindex lock-never Disable locking entirely. This option should be used only in very special environments, where it can be assured that only one process is accessing those files. A bootable floppy with a stand-alone encryption system will probably use this. Improper usage of this option may lead to data and key corruption. @item --exit-on-status-write-error @opindex exit-on-status-write-error This option will cause write errors on the status FD to immediately terminate the process. That should in fact be the default but it never worked this way and thus we need an option to enable this, so that the change won't break applications which close their end of a status fd connected pipe too early. Using this option along with @option{--enable-progress-filter} may be used to cleanly cancel long running gpg operations. @item --limit-card-insert-tries @var{n} @opindex limit-card-insert-tries With @var{n} greater than 0 the number of prompts asking to insert a smartcard gets limited to N-1. Thus with a value of 1 gpg won't at all ask to insert a card if none has been inserted at startup. This option is useful in the configuration file in case an application does not know about the smartcard support and waits ad infinitum for an inserted card. @item --no-random-seed-file @opindex no-random-seed-file GnuPG uses a file to store its internal random pool over invocations. This makes random generation faster; however sometimes write operations are not desired. This option can be used to achieve that with the cost of slower random generation. @item --no-greeting @opindex no-greeting Suppress the initial copyright message. @item --no-secmem-warning @opindex no-secmem-warning Suppress the warning about "using insecure memory". @item --no-permission-warning @opindex permission-warning Suppress the warning about unsafe file and home directory (@option{--homedir}) permissions. Note that the permission checks that GnuPG performs are not intended to be authoritative, but rather they simply warn about certain common permission problems. Do not assume that the lack of a warning means that your system is secure. Note that the warning for unsafe @option{--homedir} permissions cannot be suppressed in the gpg.conf file, as this would allow an attacker to place an unsafe gpg.conf file in place, and use this file to suppress warnings about itself. The @option{--homedir} permissions warning may only be suppressed on the command line. @item --require-secmem @itemx --no-require-secmem @opindex require-secmem Refuse to run if GnuPG cannot get secure memory. Defaults to no (i.e. run, but give a warning). @item --require-cross-certification @itemx --no-require-cross-certification @opindex require-cross-certification When verifying a signature made from a subkey, ensure that the cross certification "back signature" on the subkey is present and valid. This protects against a subtle attack against subkeys that can sign. Defaults to @option{--require-cross-certification} for @command{@gpgname}. @item --expert @itemx --no-expert @opindex expert Allow the user to do certain nonsensical or "silly" things like signing an expired or revoked key, or certain potentially incompatible things like generating unusual key types. This also disables certain warning messages about potentially incompatible actions. As the name implies, this option is for experts only. If you don't fully understand the implications of what it allows you to do, leave this off. @option{--no-expert} disables this option. @end table @c ******************************************* @c ******** KEY RELATED OPTIONS ************ @c ******************************************* @node GPG Key related Options @subsection Key related options @table @gnupgtabopt @item --recipient @var{name} @itemx -r @opindex recipient Encrypt for user id @var{name}. If this option or @option{--hidden-recipient} is not specified, GnuPG asks for the user-id unless @option{--default-recipient} is given. @item --hidden-recipient @var{name} @itemx -R @opindex hidden-recipient Encrypt for user ID @var{name}, but hide the key ID of this user's key. This option helps to hide the receiver of the message and is a limited countermeasure against traffic analysis. If this option or @option{--recipient} is not specified, GnuPG asks for the user ID unless @option{--default-recipient} is given. @item --recipient-file @var{file} @itemx -f @opindex recipient-file This option is similar to @option{--recipient} except that it encrypts to a key stored in the given file. @var{file} must be the name of a file containing exactly one key. @command{@gpgname} assumes that the key in this file is fully valid. @item --hidden-recipient-file @var{file} @itemx -F @opindex hidden-recipient-file This option is similar to @option{--hidden-recipient} except that it encrypts to a key stored in the given file. @var{file} must be the name of a file containing exactly one key. @command{@gpgname} assumes that the key in this file is fully valid. @item --encrypt-to @var{name} @opindex encrypt-to Same as @option{--recipient} but this one is intended for use in the options file and may be used with your own user-id as an "encrypt-to-self". These keys are only used when there are other recipients given either by use of @option{--recipient} or by the asked user id. No trust checking is performed for these user ids and even disabled keys can be used. @item --hidden-encrypt-to @var{name} @opindex hidden-encrypt-to Same as @option{--hidden-recipient} but this one is intended for use in the options file and may be used with your own user-id as a hidden "encrypt-to-self". These keys are only used when there are other recipients given either by use of @option{--recipient} or by the asked user id. No trust checking is performed for these user ids and even disabled keys can be used. @item --no-encrypt-to @opindex no-encrypt-to Disable the use of all @option{--encrypt-to} and @option{--hidden-encrypt-to} keys. @item --group @{@var{name}=@var{value}@} @opindex group Sets up a named group, which is similar to aliases in email programs. Any time the group name is a recipient (@option{-r} or @option{--recipient}), it will be expanded to the values specified. Multiple groups with the same name are automatically merged into a single group. The values are @code{key IDs} or fingerprints, but any key description is accepted. Note that a value with spaces in it will be treated as two different values. Note also there is only one level of expansion --- you cannot make an group that points to another group. When used from the command line, it may be necessary to quote the argument to this option to prevent the shell from treating it as multiple arguments. @item --ungroup @var{name} @opindex ungroup Remove a given entry from the @option{--group} list. @item --no-groups @opindex no-groups Remove all entries from the @option{--group} list. @item --local-user @var{name} @itemx -u @opindex local-user Use @var{name} as the key to sign with. Note that this option overrides @option{--default-key}. @item --sender @var{mbox} @opindex sender This option has two purposes. @var{mbox} must either be a complete user id with a proper mail address or just a mail address. When creating a signature this option tells gpg the user id of a key used to make a signature if the key was not directly specified by a user id. When verifying a signature the @var{mbox} is used to restrict the information printed by the TOFU code to matching user ids. @item --try-secret-key @var{name} @opindex try-secret-key For hidden recipients GPG needs to know the keys to use for trial decryption. The key set with @option{--default-key} is always tried first, but this is often not sufficient. This option allows setting more keys to be used for trial decryption. Although any valid user-id specification may be used for @var{name} it makes sense to use at least the long keyid to avoid ambiguities. Note that gpg-agent might pop up a pinentry for a lot keys to do the trial decryption. If you want to stop all further trial decryption you may use close-window button instead of the cancel button. @item --try-all-secrets @opindex try-all-secrets Don't look at the key ID as stored in the message but try all secret keys in turn to find the right decryption key. This option forces the behaviour as used by anonymous recipients (created by using @option{--throw-keyids} or @option{--hidden-recipient}) and might come handy in case where an encrypted message contains a bogus key ID. @item --skip-hidden-recipients @itemx --no-skip-hidden-recipients @opindex skip-hidden-recipients @opindex no-skip-hidden-recipients During decryption skip all anonymous recipients. This option helps in the case that people use the hidden recipients feature to hide their own encrypt-to key from others. If one has many secret keys this may lead to a major annoyance because all keys are tried in turn to decrypt something which was not really intended for it. The drawback of this option is that it is currently not possible to decrypt a message which includes real anonymous recipients. @end table @c ******************************************* @c ******** INPUT AND OUTPUT *************** @c ******************************************* @node GPG Input and Output @subsection Input and Output @table @gnupgtabopt @item --armor @itemx -a @opindex armor Create ASCII armored output. The default is to create the binary OpenPGP format. @item --no-armor @opindex no-armor Assume the input data is not in ASCII armored format. @item --output @var{file} @itemx -o @var{file} @opindex output Write output to @var{file}. To write to stdout use @code{-} as the filename. @item --max-output @var{n} @opindex max-output This option sets a limit on the number of bytes that will be generated when processing a file. Since OpenPGP supports various levels of compression, it is possible that the plaintext of a given message may be significantly larger than the original OpenPGP message. While GnuPG works properly with such messages, there is often a desire to set a maximum file size that will be generated before processing is forced to stop by the OS limits. Defaults to 0, which means "no limit". @item --input-size-hint @var{n} @opindex input-size-hint This option can be used to tell GPG the size of the input data in bytes. @var{n} must be a positive base-10 number. This option is only useful if the input is not taken from a file. GPG may use this hint to optimize its buffer allocation strategy. It is also used by the @option{--status-fd} line ``PROGRESS'' to provide a value for ``total'' if that is not available by other means. @item --key-origin @var{string}[,@var{url}] @opindex key-origin gpg can track the origin of a key. Certain origins are implicitly known (e.g. keyserver, web key directory) and set. For a standard import the origin of the keys imported can be set with this option. To list the possible values use "help" for @var{string}. Some origins can store an optional @var{url} argument. That URL can appended to @var{string} after a comma. @item --import-options @var{parameters} @opindex import-options This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for importing keys. Options can be prepended with a `no-' to give the opposite meaning. The options are: @table @asis @item import-local-sigs Allow importing key signatures marked as "local". This is not generally useful unless a shared keyring scheme is being used. Defaults to no. @item keep-ownertrust Normally possible still existing ownertrust values of a key are cleared if a key is imported. This is in general desirable so that a formerly deleted key does not automatically gain an ownertrust values merely due to import. On the other hand it is sometimes necessary to re-import a trusted set of keys again but keeping already assigned ownertrust values. This can be achieved by using this option. @item repair-pks-subkey-bug During import, attempt to repair the damage caused by the PKS keyserver bug (pre version 0.9.6) that mangles keys with multiple subkeys. Note that this cannot completely repair the damaged key as some crucial data is removed by the keyserver, but it does at least give you back one subkey. Defaults to no for regular @option{--import} and to yes for keyserver @option{--receive-keys}. @item import-show @itemx show-only Show a listing of the key as imported right before it is stored. This can be combined with the option @option{--dry-run} to only look at keys; the option @option{show-only} is a shortcut for this combination. The command @option{--show-keys} is another shortcut for this. Note that suffixes like '#' for "sec" and "sbb" lines may or may not be printed. @item import-export Run the entire import code but instead of storing the key to the local keyring write it to the output. The export options @option{export-pka} and @option{export-dane} affect the output. This option can be used to remove all invalid parts from a key without the need to store it. @item merge-only During import, allow key updates to existing keys, but do not allow any new keys to be imported. Defaults to no. @item import-clean After import, compact (remove all signatures except the self-signature) any user IDs from the new key that are not usable. Then, remove any signatures from the new key that are not usable. This includes signatures that were issued by keys that are not present on the keyring. This option is the same as running the @option{--edit-key} command "clean" after import. Defaults to no. @item self-sigs-only Accept only self-signatures while importing a key. All other key signatures are skipped at an early import stage. This option can be used with @code{keyserver-options} to mitigate attempts to flood a key with bogus signatures from a keyserver. The drawback is that all other valid key signatures, as required by the Web of Trust are also not imported. Note that when using this option along with import-clean it suppresses the final clean step after merging the imported key into the existing key. @item repair-keys After import, fix various problems with the keys. For example, this reorders signatures, and strips duplicate signatures. Defaults to yes. @item import-minimal Import the smallest key possible. This removes all signatures except the most recent self-signature on each user ID. This option is the same as running the @option{--edit-key} command "minimize" after import. Defaults to no. @item restore @itemx import-restore Import in key restore mode. This imports all data which is usually skipped during import; including all GnuPG specific data. All other contradicting options are overridden. @end table @item --import-filter @{@var{name}=@var{expr}@} @itemx --export-filter @{@var{name}=@var{expr}@} @opindex import-filter @opindex export-filter These options define an import/export filter which are applied to the imported/exported keyblock right before it will be stored/written. @var{name} defines the type of filter to use, @var{expr} the expression to evaluate. The option can be used several times which then appends more expression to the same @var{name}. @noindent The available filter types are: @table @asis @item keep-uid This filter will keep a user id packet and its dependent packets in the keyblock if the expression evaluates to true. @item drop-subkey This filter drops the selected subkeys. Currently only implemented for --export-filter. @item drop-sig This filter drops the selected key signatures on user ids. Self-signatures are not considered. Currently only implemented for --import-filter. @end table For the syntax of the expression see the chapter "FILTER EXPRESSIONS". The property names for the expressions depend on the actual filter type and are indicated in the following table. The available properties are: @table @asis @item uid A string with the user id. (keep-uid) @item mbox The addr-spec part of a user id with mailbox or the empty string. (keep-uid) @item key_algo A number with the public key algorithm of a key or subkey packet. (drop-subkey) @item key_created @itemx key_created_d The first is the timestamp a public key or subkey packet was created. The second is the same but given as an ISO string, e.g. "2016-08-17". (drop-subkey) @item fpr The hexified fingerprint of the current subkey or primary key. (drop-subkey) @item primary Boolean indicating whether the user id is the primary one. (keep-uid) @item expired Boolean indicating whether a user id (keep-uid), a key (drop-subkey), or a signature (drop-sig) expired. @item revoked Boolean indicating whether a user id (keep-uid) or a key (drop-subkey) has been revoked. @item disabled Boolean indicating whether a primary key is disabled. (not used) @item secret Boolean indicating whether a key or subkey is a secret one. (drop-subkey) @item usage A string indicating the usage flags for the subkey, from the sequence ``ecsa?''. For example, a subkey capable of just signing and authentication would be an exact match for ``sa''. (drop-subkey) @item sig_created @itemx sig_created_d The first is the timestamp a signature packet was created. The second is the same but given as an ISO date string, e.g. "2016-08-17". (drop-sig) @item sig_algo A number with the public key algorithm of a signature packet. (drop-sig) @item sig_digest_algo A number with the digest algorithm of a signature packet. (drop-sig) @end table @item --export-options @var{parameters} @opindex export-options This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for exporting keys. Options can be prepended with a `no-' to give the opposite meaning. The options are: @table @asis @item export-local-sigs Allow exporting key signatures marked as "local". This is not generally useful unless a shared keyring scheme is being used. Defaults to no. @item export-attributes Include attribute user IDs (photo IDs) while exporting. Not including attribute user IDs is useful to export keys that are going to be used by an OpenPGP program that does not accept attribute user IDs. Defaults to yes. @item export-sensitive-revkeys Include designated revoker information that was marked as "sensitive". Defaults to no. @c Since GnuPG 2.1 gpg-agent manages the secret key and thus the @c export-reset-subkey-passwd hack is not anymore justified. Such use @c cases may be implemented using a specialized secret key export @c tool. @c @item export-reset-subkey-passwd @c When using the @option{--export-secret-subkeys} command, this option resets @c the passphrases for all exported subkeys to empty. This is useful @c when the exported subkey is to be used on an unattended machine where @c a passphrase doesn't necessarily make sense. Defaults to no. @item backup @itemx export-backup Export for use as a backup. The exported data includes all data which is needed to restore the key or keys later with GnuPG. The format is basically the OpenPGP format but enhanced with GnuPG specific data. All other contradicting options are overridden. @item export-clean Compact (remove all signatures from) user IDs on the key being exported if the user IDs are not usable. Also, do not export any signatures that are not usable. This includes signatures that were issued by keys that are not present on the keyring. This option is the same as running the @option{--edit-key} command "clean" before export except that the local copy of the key is not modified. Defaults to no. @item export-minimal Export the smallest key possible. This removes all signatures except the most recent self-signature on each user ID. This option is the same as running the @option{--edit-key} command "minimize" before export except that the local copy of the key is not modified. Defaults to no. @item export-pka Instead of outputting the key material output PKA records suitable to put into DNS zone files. An ORIGIN line is printed before each record to allow diverting the records to the corresponding zone file. @item export-dane Instead of outputting the key material output OpenPGP DANE records suitable to put into DNS zone files. An ORIGIN line is printed before each record to allow diverting the records to the corresponding zone file. @end table @item --with-colons @opindex with-colons Print key listings delimited by colons. Note that the output will be encoded in UTF-8 regardless of any @option{--display-charset} setting. This format is useful when GnuPG is called from scripts and other programs as it is easily machine parsed. The details of this format are documented in the file @file{doc/DETAILS}, which is included in the GnuPG source distribution. @item --fixed-list-mode @opindex fixed-list-mode Do not merge primary user ID and primary key in @option{--with-colon} listing mode and print all timestamps as seconds since 1970-01-01. Since GnuPG 2.0.10, this mode is always used and thus this option is obsolete; it does not harm to use it though. @item --legacy-list-mode @opindex legacy-list-mode Revert to the pre-2.1 public key list mode. This only affects the human readable output and not the machine interface (i.e. @code{--with-colons}). Note that the legacy format does not convey suitable information for elliptic curves. @item --with-fingerprint @opindex with-fingerprint Same as the command @option{--fingerprint} but changes only the format of the output and may be used together with another command. @item --with-subkey-fingerprint @opindex with-subkey-fingerprint If a fingerprint is printed for the primary key, this option forces printing of the fingerprint for all subkeys. This could also be achieved by using the @option{--with-fingerprint} twice but by using this option along with keyid-format "none" a compact fingerprint is printed. @item --with-icao-spelling @opindex with-icao-spelling Print the ICAO spelling of the fingerprint in addition to the hex digits. @item --with-keygrip @opindex with-keygrip Include the keygrip in the key listings. In @code{--with-colons} mode this is implicitly enable for secret keys. @item --with-key-origin @opindex with-key-origin Include the locally held information on the origin and last update of a key in a key listing. In @code{--with-colons} mode this is always printed. This data is currently experimental and shall not be considered part of the stable API. @item --with-wkd-hash @opindex with-wkd-hash Print a Web Key Directory identifier along with each user ID in key listings. This is an experimental feature and semantics may change. @item --with-secret @opindex with-secret Include info about the presence of a secret key in public key listings done with @code{--with-colons}. @end table @c ******************************************* @c ******** OPENPGP OPTIONS **************** @c ******************************************* @node OpenPGP Options @subsection OpenPGP protocol specific options @table @gnupgtabopt @item -t, --textmode @itemx --no-textmode @opindex textmode Treat input files as text and store them in the OpenPGP canonical text form with standard "CRLF" line endings. This also sets the necessary flags to inform the recipient that the encrypted or signed data is text and may need its line endings converted back to whatever the local system uses. This option is useful when communicating between two platforms that have different line ending conventions (UNIX-like to Mac, Mac to Windows, etc). @option{--no-textmode} disables this option, and is the default. @item --force-v3-sigs @itemx --no-force-v3-sigs @item --force-v4-certs @itemx --no-force-v4-certs These options are obsolete and have no effect since GnuPG 2.1. @item --force-mdc @itemx --disable-mdc @opindex force-mdc @opindex disable-mdc These options are obsolete and have no effect since GnuPG 2.2.8. The MDC is always used. But note: If the creation of a legacy non-MDC message is exceptionally required, the option @option{--rfc2440} allows for this. @item --disable-signer-uid @opindex disable-signer-uid By default the user ID of the signing key is embedded in the data signature. As of now this is only done if the signing key has been specified with @option{local-user} using a mail address, or with @option{sender}. This information can be helpful for verifier to locate the key; see option @option{--auto-key-retrieve}. @item --include-key-block @opindex include-key-block This option is used to embed the actual signing key into a data signature. The embedded key is stripped down to a single user id and includes only the signing subkey used to create the signature as well as as valid encryption subkeys. All other info is removed from the key to keep it and thus the signature small. This option is the OpenPGP counterpart to the @command{gpgsm} option @option{--include-certs}. @item --personal-cipher-preferences @var{string} @opindex personal-cipher-preferences Set the list of personal cipher preferences to @var{string}. Use @command{@gpgname --version} to get a list of available algorithms, and use @code{none} to set no preference at all. This allows the user to safely override the algorithm chosen by the recipient key preferences, as GPG will only select an algorithm that is usable by all recipients. The most highly ranked cipher in this list is also used for the @option{--symmetric} encryption command. @item --personal-digest-preferences @var{string} @opindex personal-digest-preferences Set the list of personal digest preferences to @var{string}. Use @command{@gpgname --version} to get a list of available algorithms, and use @code{none} to set no preference at all. This allows the user to safely override the algorithm chosen by the recipient key preferences, as GPG will only select an algorithm that is usable by all recipients. The most highly ranked digest algorithm in this list is also used when signing without encryption (e.g. @option{--clear-sign} or @option{--sign}). @item --personal-compress-preferences @var{string} @opindex personal-compress-preferences Set the list of personal compression preferences to @var{string}. Use @command{@gpgname --version} to get a list of available algorithms, and use @code{none} to set no preference at all. This allows the user to safely override the algorithm chosen by the recipient key preferences, as GPG will only select an algorithm that is usable by all recipients. The most highly ranked compression algorithm in this list is also used when there are no recipient keys to consider (e.g. @option{--symmetric}). @item --s2k-cipher-algo @var{name} @opindex s2k-cipher-algo Use @var{name} as the cipher algorithm for symmetric encryption with a passphrase if @option{--personal-cipher-preferences} and @option{--cipher-algo} are not given. The default is @value{GPGSYMENCALGO}. @item --s2k-digest-algo @var{name} @opindex s2k-digest-algo Use @var{name} as the digest algorithm used to mangle the passphrases for symmetric encryption. The default is SHA-1. @item --s2k-mode @var{n} @opindex s2k-mode Selects how passphrases for symmetric encryption are mangled. If @var{n} is 0 a plain passphrase (which is in general not recommended) will be used, a 1 adds a salt (which should not be used) to the passphrase and a 3 (the default) iterates the whole process a number of times (see @option{--s2k-count}). @item --s2k-count @var{n} @opindex s2k-count Specify how many times the passphrases mangling for symmetric encryption is repeated. This value may range between 1024 and 65011712 inclusive. The default is inquired from gpg-agent. Note that not all values in the 1024-65011712 range are legal and if an illegal value is selected, GnuPG will round up to the nearest legal value. This option is only meaningful if @option{--s2k-mode} is set to the default of 3. @end table @c *************************** @c ******* Compliance ******** @c *************************** @node Compliance Options @subsection Compliance options These options control what GnuPG is compliant to. Only one of these options may be active at a time. Note that the default setting of this is nearly always the correct one. See the INTEROPERABILITY WITH OTHER OPENPGP PROGRAMS section below before using one of these options. @table @gnupgtabopt @item --gnupg @opindex gnupg Use standard GnuPG behavior. This is essentially OpenPGP behavior (see @option{--openpgp}), but with some additional workarounds for common compatibility problems in different versions of PGP. This is the default option, so it is not generally needed, but it may be useful to override a different compliance option in the gpg.conf file. @item --openpgp @opindex openpgp Reset all packet, cipher and digest options to strict OpenPGP behavior. Use this option to reset all previous options like @option{--s2k-*}, @option{--cipher-algo}, @option{--digest-algo} and @option{--compress-algo} to OpenPGP compliant values. All PGP workarounds are disabled. @item --rfc4880 @opindex rfc4880 Reset all packet, cipher and digest options to strict RFC-4880 behavior. Note that this is currently the same thing as @option{--openpgp}. @item --rfc4880bis @opindex rfc4880bis Enable experimental features from proposed updates to RFC-4880. This option can be used in addition to the other compliance options. Warning: The behavior may change with any GnuPG release and created keys or data may not be usable with future GnuPG versions. @item --rfc2440 @opindex rfc2440 Reset all packet, cipher and digest options to strict RFC-2440 behavior. Note that by using this option encryption packets are created in a legacy mode without MDC protection. This is dangerous and should thus only be used for experiments. See also option @option{--ignore-mdc-error}. @item --pgp6 @opindex pgp6 Set up all options to be as PGP 6 compliant as possible. This restricts you to the ciphers IDEA (if the IDEA plugin is installed), 3DES, and CAST5, the hashes MD5, SHA1 and RIPEMD160, and the compression algorithms none and ZIP. This also disables @option{--throw-keyids}, and making signatures with signing subkeys as PGP 6 does not understand signatures made by signing subkeys. This option implies @option{--escape-from-lines}. @item --pgp7 @opindex pgp7 Set up all options to be as PGP 7 compliant as possible. This is identical to @option{--pgp6} except that MDCs are not disabled, and the list of allowable ciphers is expanded to add AES128, AES192, AES256, and TWOFISH. @item --pgp8 @opindex pgp8 Set up all options to be as PGP 8 compliant as possible. PGP 8 is a lot closer to the OpenPGP standard than previous versions of PGP, so all this does is disable @option{--throw-keyids} and set @option{--escape-from-lines}. All algorithms are allowed except for the SHA224, SHA384, and SHA512 digests. @item --compliance @var{string} @opindex compliance This option can be used instead of one of the options above. Valid values for @var{string} are the above option names (without the double dash) and possibly others as shown when using "help" for @var{value}. @end table @c ******************************************* @c ******** ESOTERIC OPTIONS *************** @c ******************************************* @node GPG Esoteric Options @subsection Doing things one usually doesn't want to do @table @gnupgtabopt @item -n @itemx --dry-run @opindex dry-run Don't make any changes (this is not completely implemented). @item --list-only @opindex list-only Changes the behaviour of some commands. This is like @option{--dry-run} but different in some cases. The semantic of this option may be extended in the future. Currently it only skips the actual decryption pass and therefore enables a fast listing of the encryption keys. @item -i @itemx --interactive @opindex interactive Prompt before overwriting any files. @item --debug-level @var{level} @opindex debug-level Select the debug level for investigating problems. @var{level} may be a numeric value or by a keyword: @table @code @item none No debugging at all. A value of less than 1 may be used instead of the keyword. @item basic Some basic debug messages. A value between 1 and 2 may be used instead of the keyword. @item advanced More verbose debug messages. A value between 3 and 5 may be used instead of the keyword. @item expert Even more detailed messages. A value between 6 and 8 may be used instead of the keyword. @item guru All of the debug messages you can get. A value greater than 8 may be used instead of the keyword. The creation of hash tracing files is only enabled if the keyword is used. @end table How these messages are mapped to the actual debugging flags is not specified and may change with newer releases of this program. They are however carefully selected to best aid in debugging. @item --debug @var{flags} @opindex debug Set debugging flags. All flags are or-ed and @var{flags} may be given in C syntax (e.g. 0x0042) or as a comma separated list of flag names. To get a list of all supported flags the single word "help" can be used. @item --debug-all @opindex debug-all Set all useful debugging flags. @item --debug-iolbf @opindex debug-iolbf Set stdout into line buffered mode. This option is only honored when given on the command line. @item --faked-system-time @var{epoch} @opindex faked-system-time This option is only useful for testing; it sets the system time back or forth to @var{epoch} which is the number of seconds elapsed since the year 1970. Alternatively @var{epoch} may be given as a full ISO time string (e.g. "20070924T154812"). If you suffix @var{epoch} with an exclamation mark (!), the system time will appear to be frozen at the specified time. @item --enable-progress-filter @opindex enable-progress-filter Enable certain PROGRESS status outputs. This option allows frontends to display a progress indicator while gpg is processing larger files. There is a slight performance overhead using it. @item --status-fd @var{n} @opindex status-fd Write special status strings to the file descriptor @var{n}. See the file DETAILS in the documentation for a listing of them. @item --status-file @var{file} @opindex status-file Same as @option{--status-fd}, except the status data is written to file @var{file}. @item --logger-fd @var{n} @opindex logger-fd Write log output to file descriptor @var{n} and not to STDERR. @item --log-file @var{file} @itemx --logger-file @var{file} @opindex log-file Same as @option{--logger-fd}, except the logger data is written to file @var{file}. Use @file{socket://} to log to a socket. Note that in this version of gpg the option has only an effect if @option{--batch} is also used. @item --attribute-fd @var{n} @opindex attribute-fd Write attribute subpackets to the file descriptor @var{n}. This is most useful for use with @option{--status-fd}, since the status messages are needed to separate out the various subpackets from the stream delivered to the file descriptor. @item --attribute-file @var{file} @opindex attribute-file Same as @option{--attribute-fd}, except the attribute data is written to file @var{file}. @item --comment @var{string} @itemx --no-comments @opindex comment Use @var{string} as a comment string in cleartext signatures and ASCII armored messages or keys (see @option{--armor}). The default behavior is not to use a comment string. @option{--comment} may be repeated multiple times to get multiple comment strings. @option{--no-comments} removes all comments. It is a good idea to keep the length of a single comment below 60 characters to avoid problems with mail programs wrapping such lines. Note that comment lines, like all other header lines, are not protected by the signature. @item --emit-version @itemx --no-emit-version @opindex emit-version Force inclusion of the version string in ASCII armored output. If given once only the name of the program and the major number is emitted, given twice the minor is also emitted, given thrice the micro is added, and given four times an operating system identification is also emitted. @option{--no-emit-version} (default) disables the version line. @item --sig-notation @{@var{name}=@var{value}@} @itemx --cert-notation @{@var{name}=@var{value}@} @itemx -N, --set-notation @{@var{name}=@var{value}@} @opindex sig-notation @opindex cert-notation @opindex set-notation Put the name value pair into the signature as notation data. @var{name} must consist only of printable characters or spaces, and must contain a '@@' character in the form keyname@@domain.example.com (substituting the appropriate keyname and domain name, of course). This is to help prevent pollution of the IETF reserved notation namespace. The @option{--expert} flag overrides the '@@' check. @var{value} may be any printable string; it will be encoded in UTF-8, so you should check that your @option{--display-charset} is set correctly. If you prefix @var{name} with an exclamation mark (!), the notation data will be flagged as critical (rfc4880:5.2.3.16). @option{--sig-notation} sets a notation for data signatures. @option{--cert-notation} sets a notation for key signatures (certifications). @option{--set-notation} sets both. There are special codes that may be used in notation names. "%k" will be expanded into the key ID of the key being signed, "%K" into the long key ID of the key being signed, "%f" into the fingerprint of the key being signed, "%s" into the key ID of the key making the signature, "%S" into the long key ID of the key making the signature, "%g" into the fingerprint of the key making the signature (which might be a subkey), "%p" into the fingerprint of the primary key of the key making the signature, "%c" into the signature count from the OpenPGP smartcard, and "%%" results in a single "%". %k, %K, and %f are only meaningful when making a key signature (certification), and %c is only meaningful when using the OpenPGP smartcard. @item --known-notation @var{name} @opindex known-notation Adds @var{name} to a list of known critical signature notations. The effect of this is that gpg will not mark a signature with a critical signature notation of that name as bad. Note that gpg already knows by default about a few critical signatures notation names. @item --sig-policy-url @var{string} @itemx --cert-policy-url @var{string} @itemx --set-policy-url @var{string} @opindex sig-policy-url @opindex cert-policy-url @opindex set-policy-url Use @var{string} as a Policy URL for signatures (rfc4880:5.2.3.20). If you prefix it with an exclamation mark (!), the policy URL packet will be flagged as critical. @option{--sig-policy-url} sets a policy url for data signatures. @option{--cert-policy-url} sets a policy url for key signatures (certifications). @option{--set-policy-url} sets both. The same %-expandos used for notation data are available here as well. @item --sig-keyserver-url @var{string} @opindex sig-keyserver-url Use @var{string} as a preferred keyserver URL for data signatures. If you prefix it with an exclamation mark (!), the keyserver URL packet will be flagged as critical. The same %-expandos used for notation data are available here as well. @item --set-filename @var{string} @opindex set-filename Use @var{string} as the filename which is stored inside messages. This overrides the default, which is to use the actual filename of the file being encrypted. Using the empty string for @var{string} effectively removes the filename from the output. @item --for-your-eyes-only @itemx --no-for-your-eyes-only @opindex for-your-eyes-only Set the `for your eyes only' flag in the message. This causes GnuPG to refuse to save the file unless the @option{--output} option is given, and PGP to use a "secure viewer" with a claimed Tempest-resistant font to display the message. This option overrides @option{--set-filename}. @option{--no-for-your-eyes-only} disables this option. @item --use-embedded-filename @itemx --no-use-embedded-filename @opindex use-embedded-filename Try to create a file with a name as embedded in the data. This can be a dangerous option as it enables overwriting files. Defaults to no. Note that the option @option{--output} overrides this option. @item --cipher-algo @var{name} @opindex cipher-algo Use @var{name} as cipher algorithm. Running the program with the command @option{--version} yields a list of supported algorithms. If this is not used the cipher algorithm is selected from the preferences stored with the key. In general, you do not want to use this option as it allows you to violate the OpenPGP standard. @option{--personal-cipher-preferences} is the safe way to accomplish the same thing. @item --digest-algo @var{name} @opindex digest-algo Use @var{name} as the message digest algorithm. Running the program with the command @option{--version} yields a list of supported algorithms. In general, you do not want to use this option as it allows you to violate the OpenPGP standard. @option{--personal-digest-preferences} is the safe way to accomplish the same thing. @item --compress-algo @var{name} @opindex compress-algo Use compression algorithm @var{name}. "zlib" is RFC-1950 ZLIB compression. "zip" is RFC-1951 ZIP compression which is used by PGP. "bzip2" is a more modern compression scheme that can compress some things better than zip or zlib, but at the cost of more memory used during compression and decompression. "uncompressed" or "none" disables compression. If this option is not used, the default behavior is to examine the recipient key preferences to see which algorithms the recipient supports. If all else fails, ZIP is used for maximum compatibility. ZLIB may give better compression results than ZIP, as the compression window size is not limited to 8k. BZIP2 may give even better compression results than that, but will use a significantly larger amount of memory while compressing and decompressing. This may be significant in low memory situations. Note, however, that PGP (all versions) only supports ZIP compression. Using any algorithm other than ZIP or "none" will make the message unreadable with PGP. In general, you do not want to use this option as it allows you to violate the OpenPGP standard. @option{--personal-compress-preferences} is the safe way to accomplish the same thing. @item --cert-digest-algo @var{name} @opindex cert-digest-algo Use @var{name} as the message digest algorithm used when signing a key. Running the program with the command @option{--version} yields a list of supported algorithms. Be aware that if you choose an algorithm that GnuPG supports but other OpenPGP implementations do not, then some users will not be able to use the key signatures you make, or quite possibly your entire key. @item --disable-cipher-algo @var{name} @opindex disable-cipher-algo Never allow the use of @var{name} as cipher algorithm. The given name will not be checked so that a later loaded algorithm will still get disabled. @item --disable-pubkey-algo @var{name} @opindex disable-pubkey-algo Never allow the use of @var{name} as public key algorithm. The given name will not be checked so that a later loaded algorithm will still get disabled. @item --throw-keyids @itemx --no-throw-keyids @opindex throw-keyids Do not put the recipient key IDs into encrypted messages. This helps to hide the receivers of the message and is a limited countermeasure against traffic analysis.@footnote{Using a little social engineering anyone who is able to decrypt the message can check whether one of the other recipients is the one he suspects.} On the receiving side, it may slow down the decryption process because all available secret keys must be tried. @option{--no-throw-keyids} disables this option. This option is essentially the same as using @option{--hidden-recipient} for all recipients. @item --not-dash-escaped @opindex not-dash-escaped This option changes the behavior of cleartext signatures so that they can be used for patch files. You should not send such an armored file via email because all spaces and line endings are hashed too. You can not use this option for data which has 5 dashes at the beginning of a line, patch files don't have this. A special armor header line tells GnuPG about this cleartext signature option. @item --escape-from-lines @itemx --no-escape-from-lines @opindex escape-from-lines Because some mailers change lines starting with "From " to ">From " it is good to handle such lines in a special way when creating cleartext signatures to prevent the mail system from breaking the signature. Note that all other PGP versions do it this way too. Enabled by default. @option{--no-escape-from-lines} disables this option. @item --passphrase-repeat @var{n} @opindex passphrase-repeat Specify how many times @command{@gpgname} will request a new passphrase be repeated. This is useful for helping memorize a -passphrase. Defaults to 1 repetition. +passphrase. Defaults to 1 repetition; can be set to 0 to disable any +passphrase repetition. Note that a @var{n} greater than 1 will pop up +the pinentry window @var{n}+1 times even if a modern pinentry with +two entry fields is used. @item --passphrase-fd @var{n} @opindex passphrase-fd Read the passphrase from file descriptor @var{n}. Only the first line will be read from file descriptor @var{n}. If you use 0 for @var{n}, the passphrase will be read from STDIN. This can only be used if only one passphrase is supplied. Note that since Version 2.0 this passphrase is only used if the option @option{--batch} has also been given. Since Version 2.1 the @option{--pinentry-mode} also needs to be set to @code{loopback}. @item --passphrase-file @var{file} @opindex passphrase-file Read the passphrase from file @var{file}. Only the first line will be read from file @var{file}. This can only be used if only one passphrase is supplied. Obviously, a passphrase stored in a file is of questionable security if other users can read this file. Don't use this option if you can avoid it. Note that since Version 2.0 this passphrase is only used if the option @option{--batch} has also been given. Since Version 2.1 the @option{--pinentry-mode} also needs to be set to @code{loopback}. @item --passphrase @var{string} @opindex passphrase Use @var{string} as the passphrase. This can only be used if only one passphrase is supplied. Obviously, this is of very questionable security on a multi-user system. Don't use this option if you can avoid it. Note that since Version 2.0 this passphrase is only used if the option @option{--batch} has also been given. Since Version 2.1 the @option{--pinentry-mode} also needs to be set to @code{loopback}. @item --pinentry-mode @var{mode} @opindex pinentry-mode Set the pinentry mode to @var{mode}. Allowed values for @var{mode} are: @table @asis @item default Use the default of the agent, which is @code{ask}. @item ask Force the use of the Pinentry. @item cancel Emulate use of Pinentry's cancel button. @item error Return a Pinentry error (``No Pinentry''). @item loopback Redirect Pinentry queries to the caller. Note that in contrast to Pinentry the user is not prompted again if he enters a bad password. @end table @item --no-symkey-cache @opindex no-symkey-cache Disable the passphrase cache used for symmetrical en- and decryption. This cache is based on the message specific salt value (cf. @option{--s2k-mode}). @item --request-origin @var{origin} @opindex request-origin Tell gpg to assume that the operation ultimately originated at @var{origin}. Depending on the origin certain restrictions are applied and the Pinentry may include an extra note on the origin. Supported values for @var{origin} are: @code{local} which is the default, @code{remote} to indicate a remote origin or @code{browser} for an operation requested by a web browser. @item --command-fd @var{n} @opindex command-fd This is a replacement for the deprecated shared-memory IPC mode. If this option is enabled, user input on questions is not expected from the TTY but from the given file descriptor. It should be used together with @option{--status-fd}. See the file doc/DETAILS in the source distribution for details on how to use it. @item --command-file @var{file} @opindex command-file Same as @option{--command-fd}, except the commands are read out of file @var{file} @item --allow-non-selfsigned-uid @itemx --no-allow-non-selfsigned-uid @opindex allow-non-selfsigned-uid Allow the import and use of keys with user IDs which are not self-signed. This is not recommended, as a non self-signed user ID is trivial to forge. @option{--no-allow-non-selfsigned-uid} disables. @item --allow-freeform-uid @opindex allow-freeform-uid Disable all checks on the form of the user ID while generating a new one. This option should only be used in very special environments as it does not ensure the de-facto standard format of user IDs. @item --ignore-time-conflict @opindex ignore-time-conflict GnuPG normally checks that the timestamps associated with keys and signatures have plausible values. However, sometimes a signature seems to be older than the key due to clock problems. This option makes these checks just a warning. See also @option{--ignore-valid-from} for timestamp issues on subkeys. @item --ignore-valid-from @opindex ignore-valid-from GnuPG normally does not select and use subkeys created in the future. This option allows the use of such keys and thus exhibits the pre-1.0.7 behaviour. You should not use this option unless there is some clock problem. See also @option{--ignore-time-conflict} for timestamp issues with signatures. @item --ignore-crc-error @opindex ignore-crc-error The ASCII armor used by OpenPGP is protected by a CRC checksum against transmission errors. Occasionally the CRC gets mangled somewhere on the transmission channel but the actual content (which is protected by the OpenPGP protocol anyway) is still okay. This option allows GnuPG to ignore CRC errors. @item --ignore-mdc-error @opindex ignore-mdc-error This option changes a MDC integrity protection failure into a warning. It is required to decrypt old messages which did not use an MDC. It may also be useful if a message is partially garbled, but it is necessary to get as much data as possible out of that garbled message. Be aware that a missing or failed MDC can be an indication of an attack. Use with great caution; see also option @option{--rfc2440}. @item --allow-weak-digest-algos @opindex allow-weak-digest-algos Signatures made with known-weak digest algorithms are normally rejected with an ``invalid digest algorithm'' message. This option allows the verification of signatures made with such weak algorithms. MD5 is the only digest algorithm considered weak by default. See also @option{--weak-digest} to reject other digest algorithms. @item --weak-digest @var{name} @opindex weak-digest Treat the specified digest algorithm as weak. Signatures made over weak digests algorithms are normally rejected. This option can be supplied multiple times if multiple algorithms should be considered weak. See also @option{--allow-weak-digest-algos} to disable rejection of weak digests. MD5 is always considered weak, and does not need to be listed explicitly. @item --allow-weak-key-signatures @opindex allow-weak-key-signatures To avoid a minor risk of collision attacks on third-party key signatures made using SHA-1, those key signatures are considered invalid. This options allows to override this restriction. @item --no-default-keyring @opindex no-default-keyring Do not add the default keyrings to the list of keyrings. Note that GnuPG will not operate without any keyrings, so if you use this option and do not provide alternate keyrings via @option{--keyring} or @option{--secret-keyring}, then GnuPG will still use the default public or secret keyrings. @item --no-keyring @opindex no-keyring Do not use any keyring at all. This overrides the default and all options which specify keyrings. @item --skip-verify @opindex skip-verify Skip the signature verification step. This may be used to make the decryption faster if the signature verification is not needed. @item --with-key-data @opindex with-key-data Print key listings delimited by colons (like @option{--with-colons}) and print the public key data. @item --list-signatures @opindex list-signatures @itemx --list-sigs @opindex list-sigs Same as @option{--list-keys}, but the signatures are listed too. This command has the same effect as using @option{--list-keys} with @option{--with-sig-list}. Note that in contrast to @option{--check-signatures} the key signatures are not verified. This command can be used to create a list of signing keys missing in the local keyring; for example: @example gpg --list-sigs --with-colons USERID | \ awk -F: '$1=="sig" && $2=="?" @{if($13)@{print $13@}else@{print $5@}@}' @end example @item --fast-list-mode @opindex fast-list-mode Changes the output of the list commands to work faster; this is achieved by leaving some parts empty. Some applications don't need the user ID and the trust information given in the listings. By using this options they can get a faster listing. The exact behaviour of this option may change in future versions. If you are missing some information, don't use this option. @item --no-literal @opindex no-literal This is not for normal use. Use the source to see for what it might be useful. @item --set-filesize @opindex set-filesize This is not for normal use. Use the source to see for what it might be useful. @item --show-session-key @opindex show-session-key Display the session key used for one message. See @option{--override-session-key} for the counterpart of this option. We think that Key Escrow is a Bad Thing; however the user should have the freedom to decide whether to go to prison or to reveal the content of one specific message without compromising all messages ever encrypted for one secret key. You can also use this option if you receive an encrypted message which is abusive or offensive, to prove to the administrators of the messaging system that the ciphertext transmitted corresponds to an inappropriate plaintext so they can take action against the offending user. @item --override-session-key @var{string} @itemx --override-session-key-fd @var{fd} @opindex override-session-key Don't use the public key but the session key @var{string} respective the session key taken from the first line read from file descriptor @var{fd}. The format of this string is the same as the one printed by @option{--show-session-key}. This option is normally not used but comes handy in case someone forces you to reveal the content of an encrypted message; using this option you can do this without handing out the secret key. Note that using @option{--override-session-key} may reveal the session key to all local users via the global process table. Often it is useful to combine this option with @option{--no-keyring}. @item --ask-sig-expire @itemx --no-ask-sig-expire @opindex ask-sig-expire When making a data signature, prompt for an expiration time. If this option is not specified, the expiration time set via @option{--default-sig-expire} is used. @option{--no-ask-sig-expire} disables this option. @item --default-sig-expire @opindex default-sig-expire The default expiration time to use for signature expiration. Valid values are "0" for no expiration, a number followed by the letter d (for days), w (for weeks), m (for months), or y (for years) (for example "2m" for two months, or "5y" for five years), or an absolute date in the form YYYY-MM-DD. Defaults to "0". @item --ask-cert-expire @itemx --no-ask-cert-expire @opindex ask-cert-expire When making a key signature, prompt for an expiration time. If this option is not specified, the expiration time set via @option{--default-cert-expire} is used. @option{--no-ask-cert-expire} disables this option. @item --default-cert-expire @opindex default-cert-expire The default expiration time to use for key signature expiration. Valid values are "0" for no expiration, a number followed by the letter d (for days), w (for weeks), m (for months), or y (for years) (for example "2m" for two months, or "5y" for five years), or an absolute date in the form YYYY-MM-DD. Defaults to "0". @item --default-new-key-algo @var{string} @opindex default-new-key-algo @var{string} This option can be used to change the default algorithms for key generation. The @var{string} is similar to the arguments required for the command @option{--quick-add-key} but slightly different. For example the current default of @code{"rsa2048/cert,sign+rsa2048/encr"} (or @code{"rsa3072"}) can be changed to the value of what we currently call future default, which is @code{"ed25519/cert,sign+cv25519/encr"}. You need to consult the source code to learn the details. Note that the advanced key generation commands can always be used to specify a key algorithm directly. @item --allow-secret-key-import @opindex allow-secret-key-import This is an obsolete option and is not used anywhere. @item --allow-multiple-messages @item --no-allow-multiple-messages @opindex allow-multiple-messages Allow processing of multiple OpenPGP messages contained in a single file or stream. Some programs that call GPG are not prepared to deal with multiple messages being processed together, so this option defaults to no. Note that versions of GPG prior to 1.4.7 always allowed multiple messages. Future versions of GnUPG will remove this option. Warning: Do not use this option unless you need it as a temporary workaround! @item --enable-special-filenames @opindex enable-special-filenames This option enables a mode in which filenames of the form @file{-&n}, where n is a non-negative decimal number, refer to the file descriptor n and not to a file with that name. @item --no-expensive-trust-checks @opindex no-expensive-trust-checks Experimental use only. @item --preserve-permissions @opindex preserve-permissions Don't change the permissions of a secret keyring back to user read/write only. Use this option only if you really know what you are doing. @item --default-preference-list @var{string} @opindex default-preference-list Set the list of default preferences to @var{string}. This preference list is used for new keys and becomes the default for "setpref" in the edit menu. @item --default-keyserver-url @var{name} @opindex default-keyserver-url Set the default keyserver URL to @var{name}. This keyserver will be used as the keyserver URL when writing a new self-signature on a key, which includes key generation and changing preferences. @item --list-config @opindex list-config Display various internal configuration parameters of GnuPG. This option is intended for external programs that call GnuPG to perform tasks, and is thus not generally useful. See the file @file{doc/DETAILS} in the source distribution for the details of which configuration items may be listed. @option{--list-config} is only usable with @option{--with-colons} set. @item --list-gcrypt-config @opindex list-gcrypt-config Display various internal configuration parameters of Libgcrypt. @item --gpgconf-list @opindex gpgconf-list This command is similar to @option{--list-config} but in general only internally used by the @command{gpgconf} tool. @item --gpgconf-test @opindex gpgconf-test This is more or less dummy action. However it parses the configuration file and returns with failure if the configuration file would prevent @command{@gpgname} from startup. Thus it may be used to run a syntax check on the configuration file. @end table @c ******************************* @c ******* Deprecated ************ @c ******************************* @node Deprecated Options @subsection Deprecated options @table @gnupgtabopt @item --show-photos @itemx --no-show-photos @opindex show-photos Causes @option{--list-keys}, @option{--list-signatures}, @option{--list-public-keys}, @option{--list-secret-keys}, and verifying a signature to also display the photo ID attached to the key, if any. See also @option{--photo-viewer}. These options are deprecated. Use @option{--list-options [no-]show-photos} and/or @option{--verify-options [no-]show-photos} instead. @item --show-keyring @opindex show-keyring Display the keyring name at the head of key listings to show which keyring a given key resides on. This option is deprecated: use @option{--list-options [no-]show-keyring} instead. @item --always-trust @opindex always-trust Identical to @option{--trust-model always}. This option is deprecated. @item --show-notation @itemx --no-show-notation @opindex show-notation Show signature notations in the @option{--list-signatures} or @option{--check-signatures} listings as well as when verifying a signature with a notation in it. These options are deprecated. Use @option{--list-options [no-]show-notation} and/or @option{--verify-options [no-]show-notation} instead. @item --show-policy-url @itemx --no-show-policy-url @opindex show-policy-url Show policy URLs in the @option{--list-signatures} or @option{--check-signatures} listings as well as when verifying a signature with a policy URL in it. These options are deprecated. Use @option{--list-options [no-]show-policy-url} and/or @option{--verify-options [no-]show-policy-url} instead. @end table @c ******************************************* @c *************** **************** @c *************** FILES **************** @c *************** **************** @c ******************************************* @mansect files @node GPG Configuration @section Configuration files There are a few configuration files to control certain aspects of @command{@gpgname}'s operation. Unless noted, they are expected in the current home directory (@pxref{option --homedir}). @table @file @item gpg.conf @efindex gpg.conf This is the standard configuration file read by @command{@gpgname} on startup. It may contain any valid long option; the leading two dashes may not be entered and the option may not be abbreviated. This default name may be changed on the command line (@pxref{gpg-option --options}). You should backup this file. @end table Note that on larger installations, it is useful to put predefined files into the directory @file{@value{SYSCONFSKELDIR}} so that newly created users start up with a working configuration. For existing users a small helper script is provided to create these files (@pxref{addgnupghome}). For internal purposes @command{@gpgname} creates and maintains a few other files; They all live in the current home directory (@pxref{option --homedir}). Only the @command{@gpgname} program may modify these files. @table @file @item ~/.gnupg @efindex ~/.gnupg This is the default home directory which is used if neither the environment variable @code{GNUPGHOME} nor the option @option{--homedir} is given. @item ~/.gnupg/pubring.gpg @efindex pubring.gpg The public keyring. You should backup this file. @item ~/.gnupg/pubring.gpg.lock The lock file for the public keyring. @item ~/.gnupg/pubring.kbx @efindex pubring.kbx The public keyring using a different format. This file is shared with @command{gpgsm}. You should backup this file. @item ~/.gnupg/pubring.kbx.lock The lock file for @file{pubring.kbx}. @item ~/.gnupg/secring.gpg @efindex secring.gpg A secret keyring as used by GnuPG versions before 2.1. It is not used by GnuPG 2.1 and later. @item ~/.gnupg/secring.gpg.lock The lock file for the secret keyring. @item ~/.gnupg/.gpg-v21-migrated @efindex .gpg-v21-migrated File indicating that a migration to GnuPG 2.1 has been done. @item ~/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg @efindex trustdb.gpg The trust database. There is no need to backup this file; it is better to backup the ownertrust values (@pxref{option --export-ownertrust}). @item ~/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg.lock The lock file for the trust database. @item ~/.gnupg/random_seed @efindex random_seed A file used to preserve the state of the internal random pool. @item ~/.gnupg/openpgp-revocs.d/ @efindex openpgp-revocs.d This is the directory where gpg stores pre-generated revocation certificates. The file name corresponds to the OpenPGP fingerprint of the respective key. It is suggested to backup those certificates and if the primary private key is not stored on the disk to move them to an external storage device. Anyone who can access theses files is able to revoke the corresponding key. You may want to print them out. You should backup all files in this directory and take care to keep this backup closed away. @end table Operation is further controlled by a few environment variables: @table @asis @item HOME @efindex HOME Used to locate the default home directory. @item GNUPGHOME @efindex GNUPGHOME If set directory used instead of "~/.gnupg". @item GPG_AGENT_INFO This variable is obsolete; it was used by GnuPG versions before 2.1. @item PINENTRY_USER_DATA @efindex PINENTRY_USER_DATA This value is passed via gpg-agent to pinentry. It is useful to convey extra information to a custom pinentry. @item COLUMNS @itemx LINES @efindex COLUMNS @efindex LINES Used to size some displays to the full size of the screen. @item LANGUAGE @efindex LANGUAGE Apart from its use by GNU, it is used in the W32 version to override the language selection done through the Registry. If used and set to a valid and available language name (@var{langid}), the file with the translation is loaded from @code{@var{gpgdir}/gnupg.nls/@var{langid}.mo}. Here @var{gpgdir} is the directory out of which the gpg binary has been loaded. If it can't be loaded the Registry is tried and as last resort the native Windows locale system is used. @end table When calling the gpg-agent component @command{@gpgname} sends a set of environment variables to gpg-agent. The names of these variables can be listed using the command: @example gpg-connect-agent 'getinfo std_env_names' /bye | awk '$1=="D" @{print $2@}' @end example @c ******************************************* @c *************** **************** @c *************** EXAMPLES **************** @c *************** **************** @c ******************************************* @mansect examples @node GPG Examples @section Examples @table @asis @item gpg -se -r @code{Bob} @code{file} sign and encrypt for user Bob @item gpg --clear-sign @code{file} make a cleartext signature @item gpg -sb @code{file} make a detached signature @item gpg -u 0x12345678 -sb @code{file} make a detached signature with the key 0x12345678 @item gpg --list-keys @code{user_ID} show keys @item gpg --fingerprint @code{user_ID} show fingerprint @item gpg --verify @code{pgpfile} @itemx gpg --verify @code{sigfile} [@code{datafile}] Verify the signature of the file but do not output the data unless requested. The second form is used for detached signatures, where @code{sigfile} is the detached signature (either ASCII armored or binary) and @code{datafile} are the signed data; if this is not given, the name of the file holding the signed data is constructed by cutting off the extension (".asc" or ".sig") of @code{sigfile} or by asking the user for the filename. If the option @option{--output} is also used the signed data is written to the file specified by that option; use @code{-} to write the signed data to stdout. @end table @c ******************************************* @c *************** **************** @c *************** USER ID **************** @c *************** **************** @c ******************************************* @mansect how to specify a user id @ifset isman @include specify-user-id.texi @end ifset @mansect filter expressions @chapheading FILTER EXPRESSIONS The options @option{--import-filter} and @option{--export-filter} use expressions with this syntax (square brackets indicate an optional part and curly braces a repetition, white space between the elements are allowed): @c man:.RS @example [lc] @{[@{flag@}] PROPNAME op VALUE [lc]@} @end example @c man:.RE The name of a property (@var{PROPNAME}) may only consist of letters, digits and underscores. The description for the filter type describes which properties are defined. If an undefined property is used it evaluates to the empty string. Unless otherwise noted, the @var{VALUE} must always be given and may not be the empty string. No quoting is defined for the value, thus the value may not contain the strings @code{&&} or @code{||}, which are used as logical connection operators. The flag @code{--} can be used to remove this restriction. Numerical values are computed as long int; standard C notation applies. @var{lc} is the logical connection operator; either @code{&&} for a conjunction or @code{||} for a disjunction. A conjunction is assumed at the begin of an expression. Conjunctions have higher precedence than disjunctions. If @var{VALUE} starts with one of the characters used in any @var{op} a space after the @var{op} is required. @noindent The supported operators (@var{op}) are: @table @asis @item =~ Substring must match. @item !~ Substring must not match. @item = The full string must match. @item <> The full string must not match. @item == The numerical value must match. @item != The numerical value must not match. @item <= The numerical value of the field must be LE than the value. @item < The numerical value of the field must be LT than the value. @item > The numerical value of the field must be GT than the value. @item >= The numerical value of the field must be GE than the value. @item -le The string value of the field must be less or equal than the value. @item -lt The string value of the field must be less than the value. @item -gt The string value of the field must be greater than the value. @item -ge The string value of the field must be greater or equal than the value. @item -n True if value is not empty (no value allowed). @item -z True if value is empty (no value allowed). @item -t Alias for "PROPNAME != 0" (no value allowed). @item -f Alias for "PROPNAME == 0" (no value allowed). @end table @noindent Values for @var{flag} must be space separated. The supported flags are: @table @asis @item -- @var{VALUE} spans to the end of the expression. @item -c The string match in this part is done case-sensitive. @end table The filter options concatenate several specifications for a filter of the same type. For example the four options in this example: @c man:.RS @example --import-filter keep-uid="uid =~ Alfa" --import-filter keep-uid="&& uid !~ Test" --import-filter keep-uid="|| uid =~ Alpha" --import-filter keep-uid="uid !~ Test" @end example @c man:.RE @noindent which is equivalent to @c man:.RS @example --import-filter \ keep-uid="uid =~ Alfa" && uid !~ Test" || uid =~ Alpha" && "uid !~ Test" @end example @c man:.RE imports only the user ids of a key containing the strings "Alfa" or "Alpha" but not the string "test". @mansect trust values @ifset isman @include trust-values.texi @end ifset @mansect return value @chapheading RETURN VALUE The program returns 0 if there are no severe errors, 1 if at least a signature was bad, and other error codes for fatal errors. Note that signature verification requires exact knowledge of what has been signed and by whom it has beensigned. Using only the return code is thus not an appropriate way to verify a signature by a script. Either make proper use or the status codes or use the @command{gpgv} tool which has been designed to make signature verification easy for scripts. @mansect warnings @chapheading WARNINGS Use a good password for your user account and make sure that all security issues are always fixed on your machine. Also employ diligent physical protection to your machine. Consider to use a good passphrase as a last resort protection to your secret key in the case your machine gets stolen. It is important that your secret key is never leaked. Using an easy to carry around token or smartcard with the secret key is often a advisable. If you are going to verify detached signatures, make sure that the program knows about it; either give both filenames on the command line or use @samp{-} to specify STDIN. For scripted or other unattended use of @command{gpg} make sure to use the machine-parseable interface and not the default interface which is intended for direct use by humans. The machine-parseable interface provides a stable and well documented API independent of the locale or future changes of @command{gpg}. To enable this interface use the options @option{--with-colons} and @option{--status-fd}. For certain operations the option @option{--command-fd} may come handy too. See this man page and the file @file{DETAILS} for the specification of the interface. Note that the GnuPG ``info'' pages as well as the PDF version of the GnuPG manual features a chapter on unattended use of GnuPG. As an alternative the library @command{GPGME} can be used as a high-level abstraction on top of that interface. @mansect interoperability @chapheading INTEROPERABILITY WITH OTHER OPENPGP PROGRAMS GnuPG tries to be a very flexible implementation of the OpenPGP standard. In particular, GnuPG implements many of the optional parts of the standard, such as the SHA-512 hash, and the ZLIB and BZIP2 compression algorithms. It is important to be aware that not all OpenPGP programs implement these optional algorithms and that by forcing their use via the @option{--cipher-algo}, @option{--digest-algo}, @option{--cert-digest-algo}, or @option{--compress-algo} options in GnuPG, it is possible to create a perfectly valid OpenPGP message, but one that cannot be read by the intended recipient. There are dozens of variations of OpenPGP programs available, and each supports a slightly different subset of these optional algorithms. For example, until recently, no (unhacked) version of PGP supported the BLOWFISH cipher algorithm. A message using BLOWFISH simply could not be read by a PGP user. By default, GnuPG uses the standard OpenPGP preferences system that will always do the right thing and create messages that are usable by all recipients, regardless of which OpenPGP program they use. Only override this safe default if you really know what you are doing. If you absolutely must override the safe default, or if the preferences on a given key are invalid for some reason, you are far better off using the @option{--pgp6}, @option{--pgp7}, or @option{--pgp8} options. These options are safe as they do not force any particular algorithms in violation of OpenPGP, but rather reduce the available algorithms to a "PGP-safe" list. @mansect bugs @chapheading BUGS On older systems this program should be installed as setuid(root). This is necessary to lock memory pages. Locking memory pages prevents the operating system from writing memory pages (which may contain passphrases or other sensitive material) to disk. If you get no warning message about insecure memory your operating system supports locking without being root. The program drops root privileges as soon as locked memory is allocated. Note also that some systems (especially laptops) have the ability to ``suspend to disk'' (also known as ``safe sleep'' or ``hibernate''). This writes all memory to disk before going into a low power or even powered off mode. Unless measures are taken in the operating system to protect the saved memory, passphrases or other sensitive material may be recoverable from it later. Before you report a bug you should first search the mailing list archives for similar problems and second check whether such a bug has already been reported to our bug tracker at @url{https://bugs.gnupg.org}. @c ******************************************* @c *************** ************** @c *************** UNATTENDED ************** @c *************** ************** @c ******************************************* @manpause @node Unattended Usage of GPG @section Unattended Usage @command{@gpgname} is often used as a backend engine by other software. To help with this a machine interface has been defined to have an unambiguous way to do this. The options @option{--status-fd} and @option{--batch} are almost always required for this. @menu * Programmatic use of GnuPG:: Programmatic use of GnuPG * Ephemeral home directories:: Ephemeral home directories * The quick key manipulation interface:: The quick key manipulation interface * Unattended GPG key generation:: Unattended key generation @end menu @node Programmatic use of GnuPG @subsection Programmatic use of GnuPG Please consider using GPGME instead of calling @command{@gpgname} directly. GPGME offers a stable, backend-independent interface for many cryptographic operations. It supports OpenPGP and S/MIME, and also allows interaction with various GnuPG components. GPGME provides a C-API, and comes with bindings for C++, Qt, and Python. Bindings for other languages are available. @node Ephemeral home directories @subsection Ephemeral home directories Sometimes you want to contain effects of some operation, for example you want to import a key to inspect it, but you do not want this key to be added to your keyring. In earlier versions of GnuPG, it was possible to specify alternate keyring files for both public and secret keys. In modern GnuPG versions, however, we changed how secret keys are stored in order to better protect secret key material, and it was not possible to preserve this interface. The preferred way to do this is to use ephemeral home directories. This technique works across all versions of GnuPG. Create a temporary directory, create (or copy) a configuration that meets your needs, make @command{@gpgname} use this directory either using the environment variable @var{GNUPGHOME}, or the option @option{--homedir}. GPGME supports this too on a per-context basis, by modifying the engine info of contexts. Now execute whatever operation you like, import and export key material as necessary. Once finished, you can delete the directory. All GnuPG backend services that were started will detect this and shut down. @node The quick key manipulation interface @subsection The quick key manipulation interface Recent versions of GnuPG have an interface to manipulate keys without using the interactive command @option{--edit-key}. This interface was added mainly for the benefit of GPGME (please consider using GPGME, see the manual subsection ``Programmatic use of GnuPG''). This interface is described in the subsection ``How to manage your keys''. @node Unattended GPG key generation @subsection Unattended key generation The command @option{--generate-key} may be used along with the option @option{--batch} for unattended key generation. This is the most flexible way of generating keys, but it is also the most complex one. Consider using the quick key manipulation interface described in the previous subsection ``The quick key manipulation interface''. The parameters for the key are either read from stdin or given as a file on the command line. The format of the parameter file is as follows: @itemize @bullet @item Text only, line length is limited to about 1000 characters. @item UTF-8 encoding must be used to specify non-ASCII characters. @item Empty lines are ignored. @item Leading and trailing white space is ignored. @item A hash sign as the first non white space character indicates a comment line. @item Control statements are indicated by a leading percent sign, the arguments are separated by white space from the keyword. @item Parameters are specified by a keyword, followed by a colon. Arguments are separated by white space. @item The first parameter must be @samp{Key-Type}; control statements may be placed anywhere. @item The order of the parameters does not matter except for @samp{Key-Type} which must be the first parameter. The parameters are only used for the generated keyblock (primary and subkeys); parameters from previous sets are not used. Some syntactically checks may be performed. @item Key generation takes place when either the end of the parameter file is reached, the next @samp{Key-Type} parameter is encountered or at the control statement @samp{%commit} is encountered. @end itemize @noindent Control statements: @table @asis @item %echo @var{text} Print @var{text} as diagnostic. @item %dry-run Suppress actual key generation (useful for syntax checking). @item %commit Perform the key generation. Note that an implicit commit is done at the next @asis{Key-Type} parameter. @item %pubring @var{filename} Do not write the key to the default or commandline given keyring but to @var{filename}. This must be given before the first commit to take place, duplicate specification of the same filename is ignored, the last filename before a commit is used. The filename is used until a new filename is used (at commit points) and all keys are written to that file. If a new filename is given, this file is created (and overwrites an existing one). See the previous subsection ``Ephemeral home directories'' for a more robust way to contain side-effects. @item %secring @var{filename} This option is a no-op for GnuPG 2.1 and later. See the previous subsection ``Ephemeral home directories''. @item %ask-passphrase @itemx %no-ask-passphrase This option is a no-op for GnuPG 2.1 and later. @item %no-protection Using this option allows the creation of keys without any passphrase protection. This option is mainly intended for regression tests. @item %transient-key If given the keys are created using a faster and a somewhat less secure random number generator. This option may be used for keys which are only used for a short time and do not require full cryptographic strength. It takes only effect if used together with the control statement @samp{%no-protection}. @end table @noindent General Parameters: @table @asis @item Key-Type: @var{algo} Starts a new parameter block by giving the type of the primary key. The algorithm must be capable of signing. This is a required parameter. @var{algo} may either be an OpenPGP algorithm number or a string with the algorithm name. The special value @samp{default} may be used for @var{algo} to create the default key type; in this case a @samp{Key-Usage} shall not be given and @samp{default} also be used for @samp{Subkey-Type}. @item Key-Length: @var{nbits} The requested length of the generated key in bits. The default is returned by running the command @samp{@gpgname --gpgconf-list}. @item Key-Grip: @var{hexstring} This is optional and used to generate a CSR or certificate for an already existing key. Key-Length will be ignored when given. @item Key-Usage: @var{usage-list} Space or comma delimited list of key usages. Allowed values are @samp{encrypt}, @samp{sign}, and @samp{auth}. This is used to generate the key flags. Please make sure that the algorithm is capable of this usage. Note that OpenPGP requires that all primary keys are capable of certification, so no matter what usage is given here, the @samp{cert} flag will be on. If no @samp{Key-Usage} is specified and the @samp{Key-Type} is not @samp{default}, all allowed usages for that particular algorithm are used; if it is not given but @samp{default} is used the usage will be @samp{sign}. @item Subkey-Type: @var{algo} This generates a secondary key (subkey). Currently only one subkey can be handled. See also @samp{Key-Type} above. @item Subkey-Length: @var{nbits} Length of the secondary key (subkey) in bits. The default is returned by running the command @samp{@gpgname --gpgconf-list}. @item Subkey-Usage: @var{usage-list} Key usage lists for a subkey; similar to @samp{Key-Usage}. @item Passphrase: @var{string} If you want to specify a passphrase for the secret key, enter it here. Default is to use the Pinentry dialog to ask for a passphrase. @item Name-Real: @var{name} @itemx Name-Comment: @var{comment} @itemx Name-Email: @var{email} The three parts of a user name. Remember to use UTF-8 encoding here. If you don't give any of them, no user ID is created. @item Expire-Date: @var{iso-date}|(@var{number}[d|w|m|y]) Set the expiration date for the key (and the subkey). It may either be entered in ISO date format (e.g. "20000815T145012") or as number of days, weeks, month or years after the creation date. The special notation "seconds=N" is also allowed to specify a number of seconds since creation. Without a letter days are assumed. Note that there is no check done on the overflow of the type used by OpenPGP for timestamps. Thus you better make sure that the given value make sense. Although OpenPGP works with time intervals, GnuPG uses an absolute value internally and thus the last year we can represent is 2105. @item Creation-Date: @var{iso-date} Set the creation date of the key as stored in the key information and which is also part of the fingerprint calculation. Either a date like "1986-04-26" or a full timestamp like "19860426T042640" may be used. The time is considered to be UTC. The special notation "seconds=N" may be used to directly specify a the number of seconds since Epoch (Unix time). If it is not given the current time is used. @item Preferences: @var{string} Set the cipher, hash, and compression preference values for this key. This expects the same type of string as the sub-command @samp{setpref} in the @option{--edit-key} menu. @item Revoker: @var{algo}:@var{fpr} [sensitive] Add a designated revoker to the generated key. Algo is the public key algorithm of the designated revoker (i.e. RSA=1, DSA=17, etc.) @var{fpr} is the fingerprint of the designated revoker. The optional @samp{sensitive} flag marks the designated revoker as sensitive information. Only v4 keys may be designated revokers. @item Keyserver: @var{string} This is an optional parameter that specifies the preferred keyserver URL for the key. @item Handle: @var{string} This is an optional parameter only used with the status lines KEY_CREATED and KEY_NOT_CREATED. @var{string} may be up to 100 characters and should not contain spaces. It is useful for batch key generation to associate a key parameter block with a status line. @end table @noindent Here is an example on how to create a key in an ephemeral home directory: @smallexample $ export GNUPGHOME="$(mktemp -d)" $ cat >foo < ssb elg1024 2016-12-16 [E] @end smallexample @noindent If you want to create a key with the default algorithms you would use these parameters: @smallexample %echo Generating a default key Key-Type: default Subkey-Type: default Name-Real: Joe Tester Name-Comment: with stupid passphrase Name-Email: joe@@foo.bar Expire-Date: 0 Passphrase: abc # Do a commit here, so that we can later print "done" :-) %commit %echo done @end smallexample @mansect see also @ifset isman @command{gpgv}(1), @command{gpgsm}(1), @command{gpg-agent}(1) @end ifset @include see-also-note.texi