diff --git a/src/models/keycache.cpp b/src/models/keycache.cpp
index 4c93d8e10..142f2fa68 100644
--- a/src/models/keycache.cpp
+++ b/src/models/keycache.cpp
@@ -1,1751 +1,1796 @@
 /* -*- mode: c++; c-basic-offset:4 -*-
     models/keycache.cpp
 
     This file is part of Kleopatra, the KDE keymanager
     SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2007, 2008 Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB
     SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2018 Intevation GmbH
-    SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 g10 Code GmbH
+    SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020, 2021 g10 Code GmbH
     SPDX-FileContributor: Ingo Klöcker <dev@ingo-kloecker.de>
 
     SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 */
 
 #include "keycache.h"
 #include "keycache_p.h"
 
 #include "kleo/enum.h"
 #include "kleo/keygroup.h"
 #include "kleo/keygroupconfig.h"
 #include "kleo/predicates.h"
 #include "kleo/stl_util.h"
 #include "kleo/dn.h"
 
 #include "utils/compat.h"
 #include "utils/filesystemwatcher.h"
 #include "utils/qtstlhelpers.h"
 
 #include <KConfigGroup>
 #include <KSharedConfig>
 
 #include <gpgme++/error.h>
 #include <gpgme++/context.h>
 #include <gpgme++/key.h>
 #include <gpgme++/decryptionresult.h>
 #include <gpgme++/verificationresult.h>
 #include <gpgme++/keylistresult.h>
 
 #include <qgpgme/protocol.h>
 #include <qgpgme/listallkeysjob.h>
 #include <qgpgme/cryptoconfig.h>
 
 #include <gpg-error.h>
 
 //#include <KMime/HeaderParsing>
 
 #include <QPointer>
 #include <QTimer>
 #include <QEventLoop>
 
 #include <utility>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <functional>
 #include <iterator>
 
 #include "kleo/debug.h"
 #include "libkleo_debug.h"
 #include <chrono>
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using namespace Kleo;
 using namespace GpgME;
 using namespace KMime::Types;
 
 static const unsigned int hours2ms = 1000 * 60 * 60;
 
 //
 //
 // KeyCache
 //
 //
 
 namespace
 {
 
 make_comparator_str(ByEMail, .first.c_str());
 
 }
 
+class Kleo::KeyCacheAutoRefreshSuspension
+{
+    KeyCacheAutoRefreshSuspension()
+    {
+        qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << __func__;
+        auto cache = KeyCache::mutableInstance();
+        cache->enableFileSystemWatcher(false);
+        m_refreshInterval = cache->refreshInterval();
+        cache->setRefreshInterval(0);
+        cache->cancelKeyListing();
+        m_cache = cache;
+    }
+
+public:
+    ~KeyCacheAutoRefreshSuspension()
+    {
+        qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << __func__;
+        if (auto cache = m_cache.lock()) {
+            cache->enableFileSystemWatcher(true);
+            cache->setRefreshInterval(m_refreshInterval);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static std::shared_ptr<KeyCacheAutoRefreshSuspension> instance()
+    {
+        static std::weak_ptr<KeyCacheAutoRefreshSuspension> self;
+        if (auto s = self.lock()) {
+            return s;
+        } else {
+            s = std::shared_ptr<KeyCacheAutoRefreshSuspension>{new KeyCacheAutoRefreshSuspension{}};
+            self = s;
+            return s;
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::weak_ptr<KeyCache> m_cache;
+    int m_refreshInterval = 0;
+};
+
 class KeyCache::Private
 {
     friend class ::Kleo::KeyCache;
     KeyCache *const q;
 public:
     explicit Private(KeyCache *qq) : q(qq), m_refreshInterval(1), m_initalized(false), m_pgpOnly(true), m_remarks_enabled(false)
     {
         connect(&m_autoKeyListingTimer, &QTimer::timeout, q, [this]() { q->startKeyListing(); });
         updateAutoKeyListingTimer();
     }
 
     ~Private()
     {
         if (m_refreshJob) {
             m_refreshJob->cancel();
         }
     }
 
     template < template <template <typename U> class Op> class Comp>
     std::vector<Key>::const_iterator find(const std::vector<Key> &keys, const char *key) const
     {
         ensureCachePopulated();
         const auto it =
             std::lower_bound(keys.begin(), keys.end(), key, Comp<std::less>());
         if (it == keys.end() || Comp<std::equal_to>()(*it, key)) {
             return it;
         } else {
             return keys.end();
         }
     }
 
     template < template <template <typename U> class Op> class Comp>
     std::vector<Subkey>::const_iterator find(const std::vector<Subkey> &keys, const char *key) const
     {
         ensureCachePopulated();
         const auto it =
             std::lower_bound(keys.begin(), keys.end(), key, Comp<std::less>());
         if (it == keys.end() || Comp<std::equal_to>()(*it, key)) {
             return it;
         } else {
             return keys.end();
         }
     }
 
     std::vector<Key>::const_iterator find_fpr(const char *fpr) const
     {
         return find<_detail::ByFingerprint>(by.fpr, fpr);
     }
 
     std::pair< std::vector< std::pair<std::string, Key> >::const_iterator,
         std::vector< std::pair<std::string, Key> >::const_iterator >
         find_email(const char *email) const
     {
         ensureCachePopulated();
         return std::equal_range(by.email.begin(), by.email.end(),
                                 email, ByEMail<std::less>());
     }
 
     std::vector<Key> find_mailbox(const QString &email, bool sign) const;
 
     std::vector<Subkey>::const_iterator find_keygrip(const char *keygrip) const
     {
         return find<_detail::ByKeyGrip>(by.keygrip, keygrip);
     }
 
     std::vector<Subkey>::const_iterator find_subkeyid(const char *subkeyid) const
     {
         return find<_detail::ByKeyID>(by.subkeyid, subkeyid);
     }
 
     std::vector<Key>::const_iterator find_keyid(const char *keyid) const
     {
         return find<_detail::ByKeyID>(by.keyid, keyid);
     }
 
     std::vector<Key>::const_iterator find_shortkeyid(const char *shortkeyid) const
     {
         return find<_detail::ByShortKeyID>(by.shortkeyid, shortkeyid);
     }
 
     std::pair <
     std::vector<Key>::const_iterator,
         std::vector<Key>::const_iterator
         > find_subjects(const char *chain_id) const
     {
         ensureCachePopulated();
         return std::equal_range(by.chainid.begin(), by.chainid.end(),
                                 chain_id, _detail::ByChainID<std::less>());
     }
 
     void refreshJobDone(const KeyListResult &result);
 
     void setRefreshInterval(int interval)
     {
         m_refreshInterval = interval;
         updateAutoKeyListingTimer();
     }
 
     int refreshInterval() const
     {
         return m_refreshInterval;
     }
 
     void updateAutoKeyListingTimer()
     {
         setAutoKeyListingInterval(hours2ms * m_refreshInterval);
     }
     void setAutoKeyListingInterval(int ms)
     {
         m_autoKeyListingTimer.stop();
         m_autoKeyListingTimer.setInterval(ms);
         if (ms != 0) {
             m_autoKeyListingTimer.start();
         }
     }
 
     void ensureCachePopulated() const;
 
     void readGroupsFromGpgConf()
     {
         // According to Werner Koch groups are more of a hack to solve
         // a valid usecase (e.g. several keys defined for an internal mailing list)
         // that won't make it in the proper keylist interface. And using gpgconf
         // was the suggested way to support groups.
         auto conf = QGpgME::cryptoConfig();
         if (!conf) {
             return;
         }
 
         auto entry = getCryptoConfigEntry(conf, "gpg", "group");
         if (!entry) {
             return;
         }
 
         // collect the key fingerprints for all groups read from the configuration
         QMap<QString, QStringList> fingerprints;
         const auto stringValueList = entry->stringValueList();
         for (const QString &value: stringValueList) {
             const QStringList split = value.split(QLatin1Char('='));
             if (split.size() != 2) {
                 qCDebug (LIBKLEO_LOG) << "Ignoring invalid group config:" << value;
                 continue;
             }
             const QString groupName = split[0];
             const QString fingerprint = split[1];
             fingerprints[groupName].push_back(fingerprint);
         }
 
         // add all groups read from the configuration to the list of groups
         for (auto it = fingerprints.cbegin(); it != fingerprints.cend(); ++it) {
             const QString groupName = it.key();
             const std::vector<Key> groupKeys = q->findByFingerprint(toStdStrings(it.value()));
             KeyGroup g(groupName, groupName, groupKeys, KeyGroup::GnuPGConfig);
             m_groups.push_back(g);
         }
     }
 
     void readGroupsFromGroupsConfig()
     {
         Q_ASSERT(m_groupConfig);
         if (!m_groupConfig) {
             qCWarning(LIBKLEO_LOG) << __func__ << "group config not set";
             return;
         }
 
         m_groups = m_groupConfig->readGroups();
     }
 
     KeyGroup writeGroupToGroupsConfig(const KeyGroup &group)
     {
         Q_ASSERT(m_groupConfig);
         if (!m_groupConfig) {
             qCWarning(LIBKLEO_LOG) << __func__ << "group config not set";
             return {};
         }
 
         Q_ASSERT(!group.isNull());
         Q_ASSERT(group.source() == KeyGroup::ApplicationConfig);
         if (group.isNull() || group.source() != KeyGroup::ApplicationConfig) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << __func__ << "group cannot be written to application configuration:" << group;
             return group;
         }
 
         return m_groupConfig->writeGroup(group);
     }
 
     bool removeGroupFromGroupsConfig(const KeyGroup &group)
     {
         Q_ASSERT(m_groupConfig);
         if (!m_groupConfig) {
             qCWarning(LIBKLEO_LOG) << __func__ << "group config not set";
             return false;
         }
 
         Q_ASSERT(!group.isNull());
         Q_ASSERT(group.source() == KeyGroup::ApplicationConfig);
         if (group.isNull() || group.source() != KeyGroup::ApplicationConfig) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << __func__ << "group cannot be removed from application configuration:" << group;
             return false;
         }
 
         return m_groupConfig->removeGroup(group);
     }
 
     void updateGroupCache()
     {
         // Update Group Keys
         // this is a quick thing as it only involves reading the config
         // so no need for a job.
 
         m_groups.clear();
         if (m_groupsEnabled) {
             readGroupsFromGpgConf();
             readGroupsFromGroupsConfig();
         }
     }
 
     bool insert(const KeyGroup &group)
     {
         Q_ASSERT(!group.isNull());
         Q_ASSERT(group.source() == KeyGroup::ApplicationConfig);
         if (group.isNull() || group.source() != KeyGroup::ApplicationConfig) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "KeyCache::Private::insert - Invalid group:" << group;
             return false;
         }
         const auto it = std::find_if(m_groups.cbegin(), m_groups.cend(),
                                     [group] (const auto &g) {
                                         return g.source() == group.source() && g.id() == group.id();
                                     });
         if (it != m_groups.cend()) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "KeyCache::Private::insert - Group already present in list of groups:" << group;
             return false;
         }
 
         const KeyGroup savedGroup = writeGroupToGroupsConfig(group);
         if (savedGroup.isNull()) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "KeyCache::Private::insert - Writing group" << group.id() << "to config file failed";
             return false;
         }
 
         m_groups.push_back(savedGroup);
 
         Q_EMIT q->groupAdded(savedGroup);
 
         return true;
     }
 
     bool update(const KeyGroup &group)
     {
         Q_ASSERT(!group.isNull());
         Q_ASSERT(group.source() == KeyGroup::ApplicationConfig);
         if (group.isNull() || group.source() != KeyGroup::ApplicationConfig) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "KeyCache::Private::update - Invalid group:" << group;
             return false;
         }
         const auto it = std::find_if(m_groups.cbegin(), m_groups.cend(),
                                     [group] (const auto &g) {
                                         return g.source() == group.source() && g.id() == group.id();
                                     });
         if (it == m_groups.cend()) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "KeyCache::Private::update - Group not found in list of groups:" << group;
             return false;
         }
         const auto groupIndex = std::distance(m_groups.cbegin(), it);
 
         const KeyGroup savedGroup = writeGroupToGroupsConfig(group);
         if (savedGroup.isNull()) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "KeyCache::Private::update - Writing group" << group.id() << "to config file failed";
             return false;
         }
 
         m_groups[groupIndex] = savedGroup;
 
         Q_EMIT q->groupUpdated(savedGroup);
 
         return true;
     }
 
     bool remove(const KeyGroup &group)
     {
         Q_ASSERT(!group.isNull());
         Q_ASSERT(group.source() == KeyGroup::ApplicationConfig);
         if (group.isNull() || group.source() != KeyGroup::ApplicationConfig) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "KeyCache::Private::remove - Invalid group:" << group;
             return false;
         }
         const auto it = std::find_if(m_groups.cbegin(), m_groups.cend(),
                                     [group] (const auto &g) {
                                         return g.source() == group.source() && g.id() == group.id();
                                     });
         if (it == m_groups.cend()) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "KeyCache::Private::remove - Group not found in list of groups:" << group;
             return false;
         }
 
         const bool success = removeGroupFromGroupsConfig(group);
         if (!success) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "KeyCache::Private::remove - Removing group" << group.id() << "from config file failed";
             return false;
         }
 
         m_groups.erase(it);
 
         Q_EMIT q->groupRemoved(group);
 
         return true;
     }
 
 private:
     QPointer<RefreshKeysJob> m_refreshJob;
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<FileSystemWatcher> > m_fsWatchers;
     QTimer m_autoKeyListingTimer;
     int m_refreshInterval;
 
     struct By {
         std::vector<Key> fpr, keyid, shortkeyid, chainid;
         std::vector< std::pair<std::string, Key> > email;
         std::vector<Subkey> subkeyid, keygrip;
     } by;
     bool m_initalized;
     bool m_pgpOnly;
     bool m_remarks_enabled;
     bool m_groupsEnabled = false;
     std::shared_ptr<KeyGroupConfig> m_groupConfig;
     std::vector<KeyGroup> m_groups;
 };
 
 std::shared_ptr<const KeyCache> KeyCache::instance()
 {
     return mutableInstance();
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<KeyCache> KeyCache::mutableInstance()
 {
     static std::weak_ptr<KeyCache> self;
     try {
         return std::shared_ptr<KeyCache>(self);
     } catch (const std::bad_weak_ptr &) {
         const std::shared_ptr<KeyCache> s(new KeyCache);
         self = s;
         return s;
     }
 }
 
 KeyCache::KeyCache()
     : QObject(), d(new Private(this))
 {
 
 }
 
 KeyCache::~KeyCache() {}
 
 void KeyCache::setGroupsEnabled(bool enabled)
 {
     d->m_groupsEnabled = enabled;
     if (d->m_initalized) {
         d->updateGroupCache();
     }
 }
 
 void KeyCache::setGroupConfig(const std::shared_ptr<KeyGroupConfig> &groupConfig)
 {
     d->m_groupConfig = groupConfig;
 }
 
 void KeyCache::enableFileSystemWatcher(bool enable)
 {
     for (const auto &i : std::as_const(d->m_fsWatchers)) {
         i->setEnabled(enable);
     }
 }
 
 void KeyCache::setRefreshInterval(int hours)
 {
     d->setRefreshInterval(hours);
 }
 
 int KeyCache::refreshInterval() const
 {
     return d->refreshInterval();
 }
 
+std::shared_ptr<KeyCacheAutoRefreshSuspension> KeyCache::suspendAutoRefresh()
+{
+    return KeyCacheAutoRefreshSuspension::instance();
+}
+
 void KeyCache::reload(GpgME::Protocol /*proto*/)
 {
     if (d->m_refreshJob) {
         return;
     }
 
     d->updateAutoKeyListingTimer();
 
     enableFileSystemWatcher(false);
     d->m_refreshJob = new RefreshKeysJob(this);
     connect(d->m_refreshJob.data(), &RefreshKeysJob::done,
             this, [this](const GpgME::KeyListResult &r) {
                 d->refreshJobDone(r);
             });
     d->m_refreshJob->start();
 }
 
 void KeyCache::cancelKeyListing()
 {
     if (!d->m_refreshJob) {
         return;
     }
     d->m_refreshJob->cancel();
 }
 
 void KeyCache::addFileSystemWatcher(const std::shared_ptr<FileSystemWatcher> &watcher)
 {
     if (!watcher) {
         return;
     }
     d->m_fsWatchers.push_back(watcher);
     connect(watcher.get(), &FileSystemWatcher::directoryChanged,
             this, [this]() { startKeyListing(); });
     connect(watcher.get(), &FileSystemWatcher::fileChanged,
             this, [this]() { startKeyListing(); });
 
     watcher->setEnabled(d->m_refreshJob.isNull());
 }
 
 void KeyCache::enableRemarks(bool value)
 {
     if (!d->m_remarks_enabled && value) {
         d->m_remarks_enabled = value;
         if (d->m_initalized && !d->m_refreshJob) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "Reloading keycache with remarks enabled";
             reload();
         } else {
             connect(d->m_refreshJob.data(), &RefreshKeysJob::done,
                     this, [this](const GpgME::KeyListResult &) {
                 qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "Reloading keycache with remarks enabled";
                 QTimer::singleShot(1s, this, [this](){ reload(); });
             });
         }
     } else {
         d->m_remarks_enabled = value;
     }
 }
 
 bool KeyCache::remarksEnabled() const
 {
     return d->m_remarks_enabled;
 }
 
 void KeyCache::Private::refreshJobDone(const KeyListResult &result)
 {
     q->enableFileSystemWatcher(true);
     m_initalized = true;
     updateGroupCache();
     Q_EMIT q->keyListingDone(result);
 }
 
 const Key &KeyCache::findByFingerprint(const char *fpr) const
 {
     const std::vector<Key>::const_iterator it = d->find_fpr(fpr);
     if (it == d->by.fpr.end()) {
         static const Key null;
         return null;
     } else {
         return *it;
     }
 }
 
 const Key &KeyCache::findByFingerprint(const std::string &fpr) const
 {
     return findByFingerprint(fpr.c_str());
 }
 
 std::vector<GpgME::Key> KeyCache::findByFingerprint(const std::vector<std::string> &fprs) const
 {
     std::vector<Key> keys;
     keys.reserve(fprs.size());
     for (const auto &fpr : fprs) {
         const Key key = findByFingerprint(fpr.c_str());
         if (key.isNull()) {
             qCDebug (LIBKLEO_LOG) << __func__ << "Ignoring unknown key with fingerprint:" << fpr.c_str();
             continue;
         }
         keys.push_back(key);
     }
     return keys;
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::findByEMailAddress(const char *email) const
 {
     const auto pair = d->find_email(email);
     std::vector<Key> result;
     result.reserve(std::distance(pair.first, pair.second));
     std::transform(pair.first, pair.second,
                    std::back_inserter(result),
                    [](const std::pair<std::string, Key> &pair) {
                        return pair.second;
                    });
     return result;
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::findByEMailAddress(const std::string &email) const
 {
     return findByEMailAddress(email.c_str());
 }
 
 const Key &KeyCache::findByShortKeyID(const char *id) const
 {
     const std::vector<Key>::const_iterator it = d->find_shortkeyid(id);
     if (it != d->by.shortkeyid.end()) {
         return *it;
     }
     static const Key null;
     return null;
 }
 
 const Key &KeyCache::findByShortKeyID(const std::string &id) const
 {
     return findByShortKeyID(id.c_str());
 }
 
 const Key &KeyCache::findByKeyIDOrFingerprint(const char *id) const
 {
     {
         // try by.fpr first:
         const std::vector<Key>::const_iterator it = d->find_fpr(id);
         if (it != d->by.fpr.end()) {
             return *it;
         }
     }{
         // try by.keyid next:
         const std::vector<Key>::const_iterator it = d->find_keyid(id);
         if (it != d->by.keyid.end()) {
             return *it;
         }
     }
     static const Key null;
     return null;
 }
 
 const Key &KeyCache::findByKeyIDOrFingerprint(const std::string &id) const
 {
     return findByKeyIDOrFingerprint(id.c_str());
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::findByKeyIDOrFingerprint(const std::vector<std::string> &ids) const
 {
 
     std::vector<std::string> keyids;
     std::remove_copy_if(ids.begin(), ids.end(), std::back_inserter(keyids),
                         [](const std::string &str) {
                             return !str.c_str() || !*str.c_str();
                         });
 
     // this is just case-insensitive string search:
     std::sort(keyids.begin(), keyids.end(), _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
 
     std::vector<Key> result;
     result.reserve(keyids.size());   // dups shouldn't happen
     d->ensureCachePopulated();
 
     kdtools::set_intersection(d->by.fpr.begin(), d->by.fpr.end(),
                               keyids.begin(), keyids.end(),
                               std::back_inserter(result),
                               _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
     if (result.size() < keyids.size()) {
         // note that By{Fingerprint,KeyID,ShortKeyID} define the same
         // order for _strings_
         kdtools::set_intersection(d->by.keyid.begin(), d->by.keyid.end(),
                                   keyids.begin(), keyids.end(),
                                   std::back_inserter(result),
                                   _detail::ByKeyID<std::less>());
     }
     // duplicates shouldn't happen, but make sure nonetheless:
     std::sort(result.begin(), result.end(), _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
     result.erase(std::unique(result.begin(), result.end(), _detail::ByFingerprint<std::equal_to>()), result.end());
 
     // we skip looking into short key ids here, as it's highly
     // unlikely they're used for this purpose. We might need to revise
     // this decision, but only after testing.
     return result;
 }
 
 const Subkey &KeyCache::findSubkeyByKeyGrip(const char *grip, Protocol protocol) const
 {
     static const Subkey null;
     d->ensureCachePopulated();
     const auto range = std::equal_range(d->by.keygrip.begin(), d->by.keygrip.end(),
                                         grip, _detail::ByKeyGrip<std::less>());
     if (range.first == d->by.keygrip.end()) {
         return null;
     } else if (protocol == UnknownProtocol) {
         return *range.first;
     } else {
         for (auto it = range.first; it != range.second; ++it) {
             if (it->parent().protocol() == protocol) {
                 return *it;
             }
         }
     }
     return null;
 }
 
 const Subkey &KeyCache::findSubkeyByKeyGrip(const std::string &grip, Protocol protocol) const
 {
     return findSubkeyByKeyGrip(grip.c_str(), protocol);
 }
 
 std::vector<Subkey> KeyCache::findSubkeysByKeyID(const std::vector<std::string> &ids) const
 {
     std::vector<std::string> sorted;
     sorted.reserve(ids.size());
     std::remove_copy_if(ids.begin(), ids.end(), std::back_inserter(sorted),
                         [](const std::string &str) {
                             return !str.c_str() || !*str.c_str();
                         });
 
     std::sort(sorted.begin(), sorted.end(), _detail::ByKeyID<std::less>());
 
     std::vector<Subkey> result;
     d->ensureCachePopulated();
     kdtools::set_intersection(d->by.subkeyid.begin(), d->by.subkeyid.end(),
                               sorted.begin(), sorted.end(),
                               std::back_inserter(result),
                               _detail::ByKeyID<std::less>());
     return result;
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::findRecipients(const DecryptionResult &res) const
 {
     std::vector<std::string> keyids;
     const auto recipients = res.recipients();
     for (const DecryptionResult::Recipient &r : recipients) {
         if (const char *kid = r.keyID()) {
             keyids.push_back(kid);
         }
     }
     const std::vector<Subkey> subkeys = findSubkeysByKeyID(keyids);
     std::vector<Key> result;
     result.reserve(subkeys.size());
     std::transform(subkeys.begin(), subkeys.end(), std::back_inserter(result),
                    std::mem_fn(&Subkey::parent));
 
     std::sort(result.begin(), result.end(), _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
     result.erase(std::unique(result.begin(), result.end(), _detail::ByFingerprint<std::equal_to>()), result.end());
     return result;
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::findSigners(const VerificationResult &res) const
 {
     std::vector<std::string> fprs;
     const auto signatures = res.signatures();
     for (const Signature &s : signatures) {
         if (const char *fpr = s.fingerprint()) {
             fprs.push_back(fpr);
         }
     }
     return findByKeyIDOrFingerprint(fprs);
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::findSigningKeysByMailbox(const QString &mb) const
 {
     return d->find_mailbox(mb, true);
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::findEncryptionKeysByMailbox(const QString &mb) const
 {
     return d->find_mailbox(mb, false);
 }
 
 namespace
 {
 #define DO( op, meth, meth2 ) if ( op key.meth() ) {} else { qDebug( "rejecting for signing: %s: %s", #meth2, key.primaryFingerprint() ); return false; }
 #define ACCEPT( meth ) DO( !!, meth, !meth )
 #define REJECT( meth ) DO( !, meth, meth )
 struct ready_for_signing : std::unary_function<Key, bool> {
     bool operator()(const Key &key) const
     {
 #if 1
         ACCEPT(hasSecret);
         ACCEPT(canReallySign);
         REJECT(isRevoked);
         REJECT(isExpired);
         REJECT(isDisabled);
         REJECT(isInvalid);
         return true;
 #else
         return key.hasSecret() &&
                key.canReallySign() && !key.isRevoked() && !key.isExpired() && !key.isDisabled() && !key.isInvalid();
 #endif
 #undef DO
     }
 };
 
 struct ready_for_encryption : std::unary_function<Key, bool> {
 #define DO( op, meth, meth2 ) if ( op key.meth() ) {} else { qDebug( "rejecting for encrypting: %s: %s", #meth2, key.primaryFingerprint() ); return false; }
     bool operator()(const Key &key) const
     {
 #if 1
         ACCEPT(canEncrypt);
         REJECT(isRevoked);
         REJECT(isExpired);
         REJECT(isDisabled);
         REJECT(isInvalid);
         return true;
 #else
         return
             key.canEncrypt()    && !key.isRevoked() && !key.isExpired() && !key.isDisabled() && !key.isInvalid();
 #endif
     }
 #undef DO
 #undef ACCEPT
 #undef REJECT
 };
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::Private::find_mailbox(const QString &email, bool sign) const
 {
     if (email.isEmpty()) {
         return std::vector<Key>();
     }
 
     const auto pair = find_email(email.toUtf8().constData());
     std::vector<Key> result;
     result.reserve(std::distance(pair.first, pair.second));
     if (sign) {
         kdtools::copy_2nd_if(pair.first, pair.second,
                              std::back_inserter(result),
                              ready_for_signing());
     } else {
         kdtools::copy_2nd_if(pair.first, pair.second,
                              std::back_inserter(result),
                              ready_for_encryption());
     }
 
     return result;
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::findSubjects(const GpgME::Key &key, Options options) const
 {
     return findSubjects(std::vector<Key>(1, key), options);
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::findSubjects(const std::vector<Key> &keys, Options options) const
 {
     return findSubjects(keys.begin(), keys.end(), options);
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::findSubjects(std::vector<Key>::const_iterator first, std::vector<Key>::const_iterator last, Options options) const
 {
 
     if (first == last) {
         return std::vector<Key>();
     }
 
     std::vector<Key> result;
     while (first != last) {
         const auto pair = d->find_subjects(first->primaryFingerprint());
         result.insert(result.end(), pair.first, pair.second);
         ++first;
     }
 
     std::sort(result.begin(), result.end(), _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
     result.erase(std::unique(result.begin(), result.end(), _detail::ByFingerprint<std::equal_to>()), result.end());
 
     if (options & RecursiveSearch) {
         const std::vector<Key> furtherSubjects = findSubjects(result, options);
         std::vector<Key> combined;
         combined.reserve(result.size() + furtherSubjects.size());
         std::merge(result.begin(), result.end(),
                    furtherSubjects.begin(), furtherSubjects.end(),
                    std::back_inserter(combined),
                    _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
         combined.erase(std::unique(combined.begin(), combined.end(), _detail::ByFingerprint<std::equal_to>()), combined.end());
         result.swap(combined);
     }
 
     return result;
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::findIssuers(const Key &key, Options options) const
 {
 
     if (key.isNull()) {
         return std::vector<Key>();
     }
 
     std::vector<Key> result;
     if (options & IncludeSubject) {
         result.push_back(key);
     }
 
     if (key.isRoot()) {
         return result;
     }
 
     const Key &issuer = findByFingerprint(key.chainID());
 
     if (issuer.isNull()) {
         return result;
     }
 
     result.push_back(issuer);
 
     if (!(options & RecursiveSearch)) {
         return result;
     }
 
     while (!result.back().isNull() && !result.back().isRoot()) {
         result.push_back(findByFingerprint(result.back().chainID()));
     }
 
     if (result.back().isNull()) {
         result.pop_back();
     }
 
     return result;
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::findIssuers(const std::vector<Key> &keys, Options options) const
 {
     return findIssuers(keys.begin(), keys.end(), options);
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::findIssuers(std::vector<Key>::const_iterator first, std::vector<Key>::const_iterator last, Options options) const
 {
 
     if (first == last) {
         return std::vector<Key>();
     }
 
     // extract chain-ids, identifying issuers:
     std::vector<const char *> chainIDs;
     chainIDs.reserve(last - first);
     kdtools::transform_if(first, last, std::back_inserter(chainIDs),
                           std::mem_fn(&Key::chainID),
                           [](const Key &key) { return !key.isRoot(); });
     std::sort(chainIDs.begin(), chainIDs.end(), _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
 
     const auto lastUniqueChainID = std::unique(chainIDs.begin(), chainIDs.end(), _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
 
     std::vector<Key> result;
     result.reserve(lastUniqueChainID - chainIDs.begin());
 
     d->ensureCachePopulated();
 
     kdtools::set_intersection(d->by.fpr.begin(), d->by.fpr.end(),
                               chainIDs.begin(), lastUniqueChainID,
                               std::back_inserter(result),
                               _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
 
     if (options & IncludeSubject) {
         const unsigned int rs = result.size();
         result.insert(result.end(), first, last);
         std::inplace_merge(result.begin(), result.begin() + rs, result.end(),
                            _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
     }
 
     if (!(options & RecursiveSearch)) {
         return result;
     }
 
     const std::vector<Key> l2result = findIssuers(result, options & ~IncludeSubject);
 
     const unsigned long result_size = result.size();
     result.insert(result.end(), l2result.begin(), l2result.end());
     std::inplace_merge(result.begin(), result.begin() + result_size, result.end(),
                        _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
     return result;
 }
 
 static std::string email(const UserID &uid)
 {
     // Prefer the gnupg normalized one
     const std::string addr = uid.addrSpec();
     if (!addr.empty()) {
         return addr;
     }
     const std::string email = uid.email();
     if (email.empty()) {
         return DN(uid.id())[QStringLiteral("EMAIL")].trimmed().toUtf8().constData();
     }
     if (email[0] == '<' && email[email.size() - 1] == '>') {
         return email.substr(1, email.size() - 2);
     } else {
         return email;
     }
 }
 
 static std::vector<std::string> emails(const Key &key)
 {
     std::vector<std::string> emails;
     const auto userIDs = key.userIDs();
     for (const UserID &uid : userIDs) {
         const std::string e = email(uid);
         if (!e.empty()) {
             emails.push_back(e);
         }
     }
     std::sort(emails.begin(), emails.end(), ByEMail<std::less>());
     emails.erase(std::unique(emails.begin(), emails.end(), ByEMail<std::equal_to>()), emails.end());
     return emails;
 }
 
 void KeyCache::remove(const Key &key)
 {
     if (key.isNull()) {
         return;
     }
 
     const char *fpr = key.primaryFingerprint();
     if (!fpr) {
         return;
     }
 
     Q_EMIT aboutToRemove(key);
 
     {
         const auto range = std::equal_range(d->by.fpr.begin(), d->by.fpr.end(), fpr,
                                             _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
         d->by.fpr.erase(range.first, range.second);
     }
 
     if (const char *keyid = key.keyID()) {
         const auto range = std::equal_range(d->by.keyid.begin(), d->by.keyid.end(), keyid,
                                             _detail::ByKeyID<std::less>());
         const auto it = std::remove_if(range.first, range.second,
                                        [fpr](const GpgME::Key &key) {
                                            return _detail::ByFingerprint<std::equal_to>()(fpr, key);
                                        });
         d->by.keyid.erase(it, range.second);
     }
 
     if (const char *shortkeyid = key.shortKeyID()) {
         const auto range = std::equal_range(d->by.shortkeyid.begin(), d->by.shortkeyid.end(), shortkeyid,
                                             _detail::ByShortKeyID<std::less>());
         const auto it = std::remove_if(range.first, range.second,
                                        [fpr](const GpgME::Key &key) {
                                            return _detail::ByFingerprint<std::equal_to>()(fpr, key);
                                        });
         d->by.shortkeyid.erase(it, range.second);
     }
 
     if (const char *chainid = key.chainID()) {
         const auto range = std::equal_range(d->by.chainid.begin(), d->by.chainid.end(), chainid,
                                             _detail::ByChainID<std::less>());
         const auto range2 = std::equal_range(range.first, range.second, fpr, _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
         d->by.chainid.erase(range2.first, range2.second);
     }
 
     const auto emailsKey{emails(key)};
     for (const std::string &email : emailsKey) {
         const auto range = std::equal_range(d->by.email.begin(), d->by.email.end(), email, ByEMail<std::less>());
         const auto it = std::remove_if(range.first, range.second,
                                        [fpr](const std::pair<std::string, Key> &pair) {
                                            return qstricmp(fpr, pair.second.primaryFingerprint()) == 0;
                                        });
         d->by.email.erase(it, range.second);
     }
 
     const auto keySubKeys{key.subkeys()};
     for (const Subkey &subkey : keySubKeys) {
         if (const char *keyid = subkey.keyID()) {
             const auto range = std::equal_range(d->by.subkeyid.begin(), d->by.subkeyid.end(), keyid,
                                                 _detail::ByKeyID<std::less>());
             const auto it = std::remove_if(range.first, range.second,
                                            [fpr] (const Subkey &subkey) {
                                                return !qstricmp(fpr, subkey.parent().primaryFingerprint());
                                            });
             d->by.subkeyid.erase(it, range.second);
         }
         if (const char *keygrip = subkey.keyGrip()) {
             const auto range = std::equal_range(d->by.keygrip.begin(), d->by.keygrip.end(), keygrip,
                                                 _detail::ByKeyGrip<std::less>());
             const auto it = std::remove_if(range.first, range.second,
                                            [fpr] (const Subkey &subkey) {
                                                return !qstricmp(fpr, subkey.parent().primaryFingerprint());
                                            });
             d->by.keygrip.erase(it, range.second);
         }
     }
 }
 
 void KeyCache::remove(const std::vector<Key> &keys)
 {
     for (const Key &key : keys) {
         remove(key);
     }
 }
 
 const std::vector<GpgME::Key> &KeyCache::keys() const
 {
     d->ensureCachePopulated();
     return d->by.fpr;
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::secretKeys() const
 {
     std::vector<Key> keys = this->keys();
     keys.erase(std::remove_if(keys.begin(), keys.end(),
                               [](const Key &key) { return !key.hasSecret(); }),
                keys.end());
     return keys;
 }
 
 std::vector<KeyGroup> KeyCache::groups() const
 {
     d->ensureCachePopulated();
     return d->m_groups;
 }
 
 std::vector<KeyGroup> KeyCache::configurableGroups() const
 {
     std::vector<KeyGroup> groups;
     groups.reserve(d->m_groups.size());
     std::copy_if(d->m_groups.cbegin(), d->m_groups.cend(),
                  std::back_inserter(groups),
                  [] (const KeyGroup &group) { return group.source() == KeyGroup::ApplicationConfig; });
     return groups;
 }
 
 namespace
 {
 bool compareById(const KeyGroup &lhs, const KeyGroup &rhs)
 {
     return lhs.id() < rhs.id();
 }
 
 std::vector<KeyGroup> sortedById(std::vector<KeyGroup> groups)
 {
     std::sort(groups.begin(), groups.end(), &compareById);
     return groups;
 }
 }
 
 void KeyCache::saveConfigurableGroups(const std::vector<KeyGroup> &groups)
 {
     const std::vector<KeyGroup> oldGroups = sortedById(configurableGroups());
     const std::vector<KeyGroup> newGroups = sortedById(groups);
 
     {
         std::vector<KeyGroup> removedGroups;
         std::set_difference(oldGroups.begin(), oldGroups.end(),
                             newGroups.begin(), newGroups.end(),
                             std::back_inserter(removedGroups),
                             &compareById);
         for (const auto &group : std::as_const(removedGroups)) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "Removing group" << group;
             d->remove(group);
         }
     }
     {
         std::vector<KeyGroup> updatedGroups;
         std::set_intersection(newGroups.begin(), newGroups.end(),
                               oldGroups.begin(), oldGroups.end(),
                               std::back_inserter(updatedGroups),
                               &compareById);
         for (const auto &group : std::as_const(updatedGroups)) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "Updating group" << group;
             d->update(group);
         }
     }
     {
         std::vector<KeyGroup> addedGroups;
         std::set_difference(newGroups.begin(), newGroups.end(),
                             oldGroups.begin(), oldGroups.end(),
                             std::back_inserter(addedGroups),
                             &compareById);
         for (const auto &group : std::as_const(addedGroups)) {
             qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "Adding group" << group;
             d->insert(group);
         }
     }
 
     Q_EMIT keysMayHaveChanged();
 }
 
 bool KeyCache::insert(const KeyGroup &group)
 {
     if (!d->insert(group)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     Q_EMIT keysMayHaveChanged();
 
     return true;
 }
 
 bool KeyCache::update(const KeyGroup &group)
 {
     if (!d->update(group)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     Q_EMIT keysMayHaveChanged();
 
     return true;
 }
 
 bool KeyCache::remove(const KeyGroup &group)
 {
     if (!d->remove(group)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     Q_EMIT keysMayHaveChanged();
 
     return true;
 }
 
 void KeyCache::refresh(const std::vector<Key> &keys)
 {
     // make this better...
     clear();
     insert(keys);
 }
 
 void KeyCache::insert(const Key &key)
 {
     insert(std::vector<Key>(1, key));
 }
 
 namespace
 {
 
 template <
     template <template <typename T> class Op> class T1,
     template <template <typename T> class Op> class T2
     > struct lexicographically
 {
     using result_type = bool;
 
     template <typename U, typename V>
     bool operator()(const U &lhs, const V &rhs) const
     {
         return
             T1<std::less>()(lhs, rhs) ||
             (T1<std::equal_to>()(lhs, rhs) &&
              T2<std::less>()(lhs, rhs))
             ;
     }
 };
 
 }
 
 void KeyCache::insert(const std::vector<Key> &keys)
 {
 
     // 1. remove those with empty fingerprints:
     std::vector<Key> sorted;
     sorted.reserve(keys.size());
     std::remove_copy_if(keys.begin(), keys.end(),
                         std::back_inserter(sorted),
                         [](const Key &key) {
                             auto fp = key.primaryFingerprint();
                             return !fp|| !*fp;
                         });
 
     Q_FOREACH (const Key &key, sorted) {
         remove(key);    // this is sub-optimal, but makes implementation from here on much easier
     }
 
     // 2. sort by fingerprint:
     std::sort(sorted.begin(), sorted.end(), _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
 
     // 2a. insert into fpr index:
     std::vector<Key> by_fpr;
     by_fpr.reserve(sorted.size() + d->by.fpr.size());
     std::merge(sorted.begin(), sorted.end(),
                d->by.fpr.begin(), d->by.fpr.end(),
                std::back_inserter(by_fpr),
                _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
 
     // 3. build email index:
     std::vector< std::pair<std::string, Key> > pairs;
     pairs.reserve(sorted.size());
     for (const Key &key : std::as_const(sorted)) {
         const std::vector<std::string> emails = ::emails(key);
         for (const std::string &e : emails) {
             pairs.push_back(std::make_pair(e, key));
         }
     }
     std::sort(pairs.begin(), pairs.end(), ByEMail<std::less>());
 
     // 3a. insert into email index:
     std::vector< std::pair<std::string, Key> > by_email;
     by_email.reserve(pairs.size() + d->by.email.size());
     std::merge(pairs.begin(), pairs.end(),
                d->by.email.begin(), d->by.email.end(),
                std::back_inserter(by_email),
                ByEMail<std::less>());
 
     // 3.5: stable-sort by chain-id (effectively lexicographically<ByChainID,ByFingerprint>)
     std::stable_sort(sorted.begin(), sorted.end(), _detail::ByChainID<std::less>());
 
     // 3.5a: insert into chain-id index:
     std::vector<Key> nonroot;
     nonroot.reserve(sorted.size());
     std::vector<Key> by_chainid;
     by_chainid.reserve(sorted.size() + d->by.chainid.size());
     std::copy_if(sorted.cbegin(), sorted.cend(),
                  std::back_inserter(nonroot),
                  [](const Key &key) { return !key.isRoot(); });
     std::merge(nonroot.cbegin(), nonroot.cend(),
                d->by.chainid.cbegin(), d->by.chainid.cend(),
                std::back_inserter(by_chainid),
                lexicographically<_detail::ByChainID, _detail::ByFingerprint>());
 
     // 4. sort by key id:
     std::sort(sorted.begin(), sorted.end(), _detail::ByKeyID<std::less>());
 
     // 4a. insert into keyid index:
     std::vector<Key> by_keyid;
     by_keyid.reserve(sorted.size() + d->by.keyid.size());
     std::merge(sorted.begin(), sorted.end(),
                d->by.keyid.begin(), d->by.keyid.end(),
                std::back_inserter(by_keyid),
                _detail::ByKeyID<std::less>());
 
     // 5. sort by short key id:
     std::sort(sorted.begin(), sorted.end(), _detail::ByShortKeyID<std::less>());
 
     // 5a. insert into short keyid index:
     std::vector<Key> by_shortkeyid;
     by_shortkeyid.reserve(sorted.size() + d->by.shortkeyid.size());
     std::merge(sorted.begin(), sorted.end(),
                d->by.shortkeyid.begin(), d->by.shortkeyid.end(),
                std::back_inserter(by_shortkeyid),
                _detail::ByShortKeyID<std::less>());
 
     // 6. build subkey ID index:
     std::vector<Subkey> subkeys;
     subkeys.reserve(sorted.size());
     for (const Key &key : std::as_const(sorted)) {
         const auto keySubkeys{key.subkeys()};
         for (const Subkey &subkey : keySubkeys) {
             subkeys.push_back(subkey);
         }
     }
 
     // 6a sort by key id:
     std::sort(subkeys.begin(), subkeys.end(), _detail::ByKeyID<std::less>());
 
     // 6b. insert into subkey ID index:
     std::vector<Subkey> by_subkeyid;
     by_subkeyid.reserve(subkeys.size() + d->by.subkeyid.size());
     std::merge(subkeys.begin(), subkeys.end(),
                d->by.subkeyid.begin(), d->by.subkeyid.end(),
                std::back_inserter(by_subkeyid),
                _detail::ByKeyID<std::less>());
 
     // 6c. sort by key grip
     std::sort(subkeys.begin(), subkeys.end(), _detail::ByKeyGrip<std::less>());
 
     // 6d. insert into subkey keygrip index:
     std::vector<Subkey> by_keygrip;
     by_keygrip.reserve(subkeys.size() + d->by.keygrip.size());
     std::merge(subkeys.begin(), subkeys.end(),
                d->by.keygrip.begin(), d->by.keygrip.end(),
                std::back_inserter(by_keygrip),
                _detail::ByKeyGrip<std::less>());
 
     // now commit (well, we already removed keys...)
     by_fpr.swap(d->by.fpr);
     by_keyid.swap(d->by.keyid);
     by_shortkeyid.swap(d->by.shortkeyid);
     by_email.swap(d->by.email);
     by_subkeyid.swap(d->by.subkeyid);
     by_keygrip.swap(d->by.keygrip);
     by_chainid.swap(d->by.chainid);
 
     for (const Key &key : std::as_const(sorted)) {
         d->m_pgpOnly &= key.protocol() == GpgME::OpenPGP;
         Q_EMIT added(key);
     }
 
     Q_EMIT keysMayHaveChanged();
 }
 
 void KeyCache::clear()
 {
     d->by = Private::By();
 }
 
 //
 //
 // RefreshKeysJob
 //
 //
 
 class KeyCache::RefreshKeysJob::Private
 {
     RefreshKeysJob *const q;
 public:
     Private(KeyCache *cache, RefreshKeysJob *qq);
     void doStart();
     Error startKeyListing(GpgME::Protocol protocol);
     void listAllKeysJobDone(const KeyListResult &res, const std::vector<Key> &nextKeys)
     {
         std::vector<Key> keys;
         keys.reserve(m_keys.size() + nextKeys.size());
         if (m_keys.empty()) {
             keys = nextKeys;
         } else {
             std::merge(m_keys.begin(), m_keys.end(),
                        nextKeys.begin(), nextKeys.end(),
                        std::back_inserter(keys),
                        _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
         }
         m_keys.swap(keys);
         jobDone(res);
     }
     void emitDone(const KeyListResult &result);
     void updateKeyCache();
 
     QPointer<KeyCache> m_cache;
     QVector<QGpgME::ListAllKeysJob*> m_jobsPending;
     std::vector<Key> m_keys;
     KeyListResult m_mergedResult;
     bool m_canceled;
 
 private:
     void jobDone(const KeyListResult &res);
 };
 
 KeyCache::RefreshKeysJob::Private::Private(KeyCache *cache, RefreshKeysJob *qq)
     : q(qq)
     , m_cache(cache)
     , m_canceled(false)
 {
     Q_ASSERT(m_cache);
 }
 
 void KeyCache::RefreshKeysJob::Private::jobDone(const KeyListResult &result)
 {
     if (m_canceled) {
         q->deleteLater();
         return;
     }
 
     QObject *const sender = q->sender();
     if (sender) {
         sender->disconnect(q);
     }
     Q_ASSERT(m_jobsPending.size() > 0);
     m_jobsPending.removeOne(qobject_cast<QGpgME::ListAllKeysJob*>(sender));
     m_mergedResult.mergeWith(result);
     if (m_jobsPending.size() > 0) {
         return;
     }
     updateKeyCache();
     emitDone(m_mergedResult);
 }
 
 void KeyCache::RefreshKeysJob::Private::emitDone(const KeyListResult &res)
 {
     q->deleteLater();
     Q_EMIT q->done(res);
 }
 
 KeyCache::RefreshKeysJob::RefreshKeysJob(KeyCache *cache, QObject *parent) : QObject(parent), d(new Private(cache, this))
 {
 }
 
 KeyCache::RefreshKeysJob::~RefreshKeysJob()
 {
     delete d;
 }
 
 void KeyCache::RefreshKeysJob::start()
 {
     QTimer::singleShot(0, this, [this](){ d->doStart(); });
 }
 
 void KeyCache::RefreshKeysJob::cancel()
 {
     d->m_canceled = true;
     std::for_each(d->m_jobsPending.begin(), d->m_jobsPending.end(),
                   std::mem_fn(&QGpgME::ListAllKeysJob::slotCancel));
     Q_EMIT canceled();
 }
 
 void KeyCache::RefreshKeysJob::Private::doStart()
 {
     if (m_canceled) {
         q->deleteLater();
         return;
     }
 
     Q_ASSERT(m_jobsPending.size() == 0);
     m_mergedResult.mergeWith(KeyListResult(startKeyListing(GpgME::OpenPGP)));
     m_mergedResult.mergeWith(KeyListResult(startKeyListing(GpgME::CMS)));
 
     if (m_jobsPending.size() != 0) {
         return;
     }
 
     const bool hasError = m_mergedResult.error() || m_mergedResult.error().isCanceled();
     emitDone(hasError ? m_mergedResult : KeyListResult(Error(GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)));
 }
 
 void KeyCache::RefreshKeysJob::Private::updateKeyCache()
 {
     if (!m_cache || m_canceled) {
         q->deleteLater();
         return;
     }
 
     std::vector<Key> cachedKeys = m_cache->initialized() ? m_cache->keys() : std::vector<Key>();
     std::sort(cachedKeys.begin(), cachedKeys.end(), _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
     std::vector<Key> keysToRemove;
     std::set_difference(cachedKeys.begin(), cachedKeys.end(),
                         m_keys.begin(), m_keys.end(),
                         std::back_inserter(keysToRemove),
                         _detail::ByFingerprint<std::less>());
     m_cache->remove(keysToRemove);
     m_cache->refresh(m_keys);
 }
 
 Error KeyCache::RefreshKeysJob::Private::startKeyListing(GpgME::Protocol proto)
 {
     const auto * const protocol = (proto == GpgME::OpenPGP) ? QGpgME::openpgp() : QGpgME::smime();
     if (!protocol) {
         return Error();
     }
     QGpgME::ListAllKeysJob *const job = protocol->listAllKeysJob(/*includeSigs*/false, /*validate*/true);
     if (!job) {
         return Error();
     }
 
 #if 0
     aheinecke: 2017.01.12:
 
     For unknown reasons the new style connect fails at runtime
     over library borders into QGpgME from the GpgME repo
     when cross compiled for Windows and default arguments
     are used in the Signal.
 
     This was tested with gcc 4.9 (Mingw 3.0.2) and we could not
     find an explanation for this. So until this is fixed or we understand
     the problem we need to use the old style connect for QGpgME signals.
 
     The new style connect of the canceled signal right below
     works fine.
 
     connect(job, &QGpgME::ListAllKeysJob::result,
             q, [this](const GpgME::KeyListResult &res, const std::vector<GpgME::Key> &keys) {
                 listAllKeysJobDone(res, keys);
             });
 #endif
     connect(job, SIGNAL(result(GpgME::KeyListResult,std::vector<GpgME::Key>)),
             q, SLOT(listAllKeysJobDone(GpgME::KeyListResult,std::vector<GpgME::Key>)));
 
     connect(q, &RefreshKeysJob::canceled, job, &QGpgME::Job::slotCancel);
 
     // Only do this for initialized keycaches to avoid huge waits for
     // signature notations during initial keylisting.
     if (proto == GpgME::OpenPGP && m_cache->remarksEnabled() && m_cache->initialized()) {
         auto ctx = QGpgME::Job::context(job);
         if (ctx) {
             ctx->addKeyListMode(KeyListMode::Signatures |
                                 KeyListMode::SignatureNotations);
         }
     }
 
     const Error error = job->start(true);
 
     if (!error && !error.isCanceled()) {
         m_jobsPending.push_back(job);
     }
     return error;
 }
 
 bool KeyCache::initialized() const
 {
     return d->m_initalized;
 }
 
 void KeyCache::Private::ensureCachePopulated() const
 {
     if (!m_initalized) {
         q->startKeyListing();
         QEventLoop loop;
         loop.connect(q, &KeyCache::keyListingDone,
                      &loop, &QEventLoop::quit);
         qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "Waiting for keycache.";
         loop.exec();
         qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << "Keycache available.";
     }
 }
 
 bool KeyCache::pgpOnly() const
 {
     return d->m_pgpOnly;
 }
 
 static bool keyIsOk(const Key &k)
 {
     return !k.isExpired() && !k.isRevoked() && !k.isInvalid() && !k.isDisabled();
 }
 
 static bool uidIsOk(const UserID &uid)
 {
     return keyIsOk(uid.parent()) && !uid.isRevoked() && !uid.isInvalid();
 }
 
 static bool subkeyIsOk(const Subkey &s)
 {
     return !s.isRevoked() && !s.isInvalid() && !s.isDisabled();
 }
 
 namespace
 {
 time_t creationTimeOfNewestSuitableSubKey(const Key &key, KeyUsage usage)
 {
     time_t creationTime = 0;
     for (const Subkey &s: key.subkeys()) {
         if (!subkeyIsOk(s)) {
             continue;
         }
         if (usage == KeyUsage::Sign && !s.canSign()) {
             continue;
         }
         if (usage == KeyUsage::Encrypt && !s.canEncrypt()) {
             continue;
         }
         if (s.creationTime() > creationTime) {
             creationTime = s.creationTime();
         }
     }
     return creationTime;
 }
 
 struct BestMatch
 {
     Key key;
     UserID uid;
     time_t creationTime = 0;
 };
 }
 
 GpgME::Key KeyCache::findBestByMailBox(const char *addr, GpgME::Protocol proto, KeyUsage usage) const
 {
     d->ensureCachePopulated();
     if (!addr) {
         return {};
     }
 
     // support lookup of email addresses enclosed in angle brackets
     QByteArray address(addr);
     if (address[0] == '<' && address[address.size() - 1] == '>') {
         address = address.mid(1, address.size() - 2);
     }
     address = address.toLower();
 
     BestMatch best;
     for (const Key &k: findByEMailAddress(address.constData())) {
         if (proto != Protocol::UnknownProtocol && k.protocol() != proto) {
             continue;
         }
         if (usage == KeyUsage::Encrypt && !k.canEncrypt()) {
             continue;
         }
         if (usage == KeyUsage::Sign && (!k.canSign() || !k.hasSecret())) {
             continue;
         }
         const time_t creationTime = creationTimeOfNewestSuitableSubKey(k, usage);
         if (creationTime == 0) {
             // key does not have a suitable (and usable) subkey
             continue;
         }
         for (const UserID &u: k.userIDs()) {
             if (QByteArray::fromStdString(u.addrSpec()).toLower() != address) {
                 // user ID does not match the given email address
                 continue;
             }
             if (best.uid.isNull()) {
                 // we have found our first candidate
                 best = {k, u, creationTime};
             } else if (!uidIsOk(best.uid) && uidIsOk(u)) {
                 // validity of the new key is better
                 best = {k, u, creationTime};
             } else if (!k.isExpired() && best.uid.validity() < u.validity()) {
                 // validity of the new key is better
                 best = {k, u, creationTime};
             } else if (best.key.isExpired() && !k.isExpired()) {
                 // validity of the new key is better
                 best = {k, u, creationTime};
             } else if (best.uid.validity() == u.validity() && uidIsOk(u) && best.creationTime < creationTime) {
                 // both keys/user IDs have same validity, but the new key is newer
                 best = {k, u, creationTime};
             }
         }
     }
 
     return best.key;
 }
 
 namespace
 {
 template<typename T>
 bool allKeysAllowUsage(const T &keys, KeyUsage usage)
 {
     switch(usage) {
     case KeyUsage::AnyUsage:
         return true;
     case KeyUsage::Sign:
         return std::all_of(std::begin(keys), std::end(keys), std::mem_fn(&Key::canSign));
     case KeyUsage::Encrypt:
         return std::all_of(std::begin(keys), std::end(keys), std::mem_fn(&Key::canEncrypt));
     case KeyUsage::Certify:
         return std::all_of(std::begin(keys), std::end(keys), std::mem_fn(&Key::canCertify));
     case KeyUsage::Authenticate:
         return std::all_of(std::begin(keys), std::end(keys), std::mem_fn(&Key::canAuthenticate));
     }
     qCDebug(LIBKLEO_LOG) << __func__ << "called with invalid usage" << int(usage);
     return false;
 }
 
 template<typename T>
 bool allKeysHaveProtocol(const T &keys, Protocol protocol)
 {
     return std::all_of(std::begin(keys), std::end(keys), [protocol] (const auto &key) { return key.protocol() == protocol; });
 }
 }
 
 KeyGroup KeyCache::findGroup(const QString &name, Protocol protocol, KeyUsage usage) const
 {
     d->ensureCachePopulated();
 
     Q_ASSERT(usage == KeyUsage::Sign || usage == KeyUsage::Encrypt);
     for (const auto &group : std::as_const(d->m_groups)) {
         if (group.name() == name) {
             const KeyGroup::Keys &keys = group.keys();
             if (allKeysAllowUsage(keys, usage)
                 && (protocol == UnknownProtocol || allKeysHaveProtocol(keys, protocol))) {
                 return group;
             }
         }
     }
 
     return {};
 }
 
 std::vector<Key> KeyCache::getGroupKeys(const QString &groupName) const
 {
     std::vector<Key> result;
     for (const KeyGroup &g : std::as_const(d->m_groups)) {
         if (g.name() == groupName) {
             const KeyGroup::Keys &keys = g.keys();
             std::copy(keys.cbegin(), keys.cend(), std::back_inserter(result));
         }
     }
     _detail::sort_by_fpr(result);
     _detail::remove_duplicates_by_fpr(result);
     return result;
 }
 
 void KeyCache::setKeys(const std::vector<GpgME::Key>& keys)
 {
     // disable regular key listing and cancel running key listing
     setRefreshInterval(0);
     cancelKeyListing();
     clear();
     insert(keys);
     d->m_initalized = true;
     Q_EMIT keyListingDone(KeyListResult());
 }
 
 void KeyCache::setGroups(const std::vector<KeyGroup>& groups)
 {
     Q_ASSERT(d->m_initalized && "Call setKeys() before setting groups");
     d->m_groups = groups;
     Q_EMIT keysMayHaveChanged();
 }
 
 #include "moc_keycache_p.cpp"
 #include "moc_keycache.cpp"
diff --git a/src/models/keycache.h b/src/models/keycache.h
index dc17f0979..58d22df4d 100644
--- a/src/models/keycache.h
+++ b/src/models/keycache.h
@@ -1,206 +1,211 @@
 /* -*- mode: c++; c-basic-offset:4 -*-
     models/keycache.h
 
     This file is part of Kleopatra, the KDE keymanager
     SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2007 Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB
 
     SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 */
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include <QObject>
 
 #include "kleo_export.h"
 
 #include <gpgme++/global.h>
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace GpgME
 {
 class Key;
 class DecryptionResult;
 class VerificationResult;
 class KeyListResult;
 class Subkey;
 }
 
 namespace KMime
 {
 namespace Types
 {
 class Mailbox;
 }
 }
 
 namespace Kleo
 {
 
 class FileSystemWatcher;
 class KeyGroup;
 class KeyGroupConfig;
 enum class KeyUsage : char;
 
+class KeyCacheAutoRefreshSuspension;
+
 class KLEO_EXPORT KeyCache : public QObject
 {
     Q_OBJECT
+
 protected:
     explicit KeyCache();
 public:
     static std::shared_ptr<const KeyCache> instance();
     static std::shared_ptr<KeyCache> mutableInstance();
 
     ~KeyCache() override;
 
     void setGroupsEnabled(bool enabled);
     void setGroupConfig(const std::shared_ptr<KeyGroupConfig> &groupConfig);
 
     void insert(const GpgME::Key &key);
     void insert(const std::vector<GpgME::Key> &keys);
     bool insert(const KeyGroup &group);
 
     void refresh(const std::vector<GpgME::Key> &keys);
     bool update(const KeyGroup &group);
 
     void remove(const GpgME::Key &key);
     void remove(const std::vector<GpgME::Key> &keys);
     bool remove(const KeyGroup &group);
 
     void addFileSystemWatcher(const std::shared_ptr<FileSystemWatcher> &watcher);
 
     void enableFileSystemWatcher(bool enable);
 
     void setRefreshInterval(int hours);
     int refreshInterval() const;
 
+    std::shared_ptr<KeyCacheAutoRefreshSuspension> suspendAutoRefresh();
+
     void enableRemarks(bool enable);
     bool remarksEnabled() const;
 
     const std::vector<GpgME::Key> &keys() const;
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> secretKeys() const;
 
     std::vector<KeyGroup> groups() const;
     std::vector<KeyGroup> configurableGroups() const;
     void saveConfigurableGroups(const std::vector<KeyGroup> &groups);
 
     const GpgME::Key &findByFingerprint(const char *fpr) const;
     const GpgME::Key &findByFingerprint(const std::string &fpr) const;
 
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> findByFingerprint(const std::vector<std::string> &fprs) const;
 
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> findByEMailAddress(const char *email) const;
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> findByEMailAddress(const std::string &email) const;
 
     /** Look through the cache and search for the best key for a mailbox.
      *
      * The best key is the key with a UID for the provided mailbox that
      * has the highest validity and a subkey that is capable for the given
      * usage.
      * If more then one key have a UID with the same validity
      * the most recently created key is taken.
      *
      * @returns the "best" key for the mailbox. */
     GpgME::Key findBestByMailBox(const char *addr, GpgME::Protocol proto, KeyUsage usage) const;
 
     /**
      * Looks for a group named @a name which contains keys with protocol @a protocol
      * that are suitable for the usage @a usage.
      *
      * If @a protocol is GpgME::OpenPGP or GpgME::CMS, then only groups consisting of keys
      * matching this protocol are considered. Use @a protocol GpgME::UnknownProtocol to consider
      * any groups regardless of the protocol including mixed-protocol groups.
      *
      * If @a usage is not KeyUsage::AnyUsage, then only groups consisting of keys supporting this usage
      * are considered.
      * The validity of keys and the presence of a private key (necessary for signing, certification, and
      * authentication) is not taken into account.
      *
      * The first group that fulfills all conditions is returned.
      *
      * @returns a matching group or a null group if no matching group is found.
      */
     KeyGroup findGroup(const QString &name, GpgME::Protocol protocol, KeyUsage usage) const;
 
     const GpgME::Key &findByShortKeyID(const char *id) const;
     const GpgME::Key &findByShortKeyID(const std::string &id) const;
 
     const GpgME::Key &findByKeyIDOrFingerprint(const char *id) const;
     const GpgME::Key &findByKeyIDOrFingerprint(const std::string &id) const;
 
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> findByKeyIDOrFingerprint(const std::vector<std::string> &ids) const;
 
     const GpgME::Subkey &findSubkeyByKeyGrip(const char *grip, GpgME::Protocol protocol = GpgME::UnknownProtocol) const;
     const GpgME::Subkey &findSubkeyByKeyGrip(const std::string &grip, GpgME::Protocol protocol = GpgME::UnknownProtocol) const;
 
     std::vector<GpgME::Subkey> findSubkeysByKeyID(const std::vector<std::string> &ids) const;
 
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> findRecipients(const GpgME::DecryptionResult &result) const;
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> findSigners(const GpgME::VerificationResult &result) const;
 
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> findSigningKeysByMailbox(const QString &mb) const;
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> findEncryptionKeysByMailbox(const QString &mb) const;
 
     /** Check for group keys.
      *
      * @returns A list of keys configured for groupName. Empty if no group cached.*/
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> getGroupKeys(const QString &groupName) const;
 
     enum Option {
         NoOption = 0,
         RecursiveSearch = 1,
         IncludeSubject = 2
     };
     Q_DECLARE_FLAGS(Options, Option)
 
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> findSubjects(const GpgME::Key &key, Options option = RecursiveSearch) const;
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> findSubjects(const std::vector<GpgME::Key> &keys, Options options = RecursiveSearch) const;
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> findSubjects(std::vector<GpgME::Key>::const_iterator first, std::vector<GpgME::Key>::const_iterator last, Options options = RecursiveSearch) const;
 
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> findIssuers(const GpgME::Key &key, Options options = RecursiveSearch) const;
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> findIssuers(const std::vector<GpgME::Key> &keys, Options options = RecursiveSearch) const;
     std::vector<GpgME::Key> findIssuers(std::vector<GpgME::Key>::const_iterator first, std::vector<GpgME::Key>::const_iterator last, Options options = RecursiveSearch) const;
 
     /** Check if at least one keylisting was finished. */
     bool initialized() const;
 
     /** Check if all keys have OpenPGP Protocol. */
     bool pgpOnly() const;
 
     /** Set the keys the cache shall contain. Marks cache as initialized. Use for tests only. */
     void setKeys(const std::vector<GpgME::Key> &keys);
 
     void setGroups(const std::vector<KeyGroup> &groups);
 
 public Q_SLOTS:
     void clear();
     void startKeyListing(GpgME::Protocol proto = GpgME::UnknownProtocol)
     {
         reload(proto);
     }
     void reload(GpgME::Protocol proto = GpgME::UnknownProtocol);
     void cancelKeyListing();
 
 Q_SIGNALS:
     //void changed( const GpgME::Key & key );
     void aboutToRemove(const GpgME::Key &key);
     void added(const GpgME::Key &key);
     void keyListingDone(const GpgME::KeyListResult &result);
     void keysMayHaveChanged();
     void groupAdded(const Kleo::KeyGroup &group);
     void groupUpdated(const Kleo::KeyGroup &group);
     void groupRemoved(const Kleo::KeyGroup &group);
 
 private:
     class RefreshKeysJob;
 
     class Private;
     QScopedPointer<Private> const d;
 };
 
 }
 
 Q_DECLARE_OPERATORS_FOR_FLAGS(Kleo::KeyCache::Options)