I notice that the latest version of the dirmngr code [1] still refers to pgp.surf.nl as a default keyserver for non-SSL connections. As can be seen from [2], pgp.surf.nl has been out of sync with other keyservers for several months now. In particular, it does not sync with keyserver.ubuntu.com which is the default for SSL connections, meaning that in the default configuration a key uploaded via HKPS will not be downloadable via HKP, and vice versa.
Please either configure the same default keyserver for both HKP and HKPS, or if overloading is a concern, use two or more keyservers that are in good sync with each other.
[1] https://dev.gnupg.org/source/gnupg/browse/master/dirmngr/server.c
[2] https://spider.pgpkeys.eu/graphs